Applied business ethics seminar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Applied business ethics seminar - Essay Example It is from moral business behaviours that ethical leaders are created. She has made a very valid point, therefore, stating that the two elements should go hand in hand. From her point of view, her tax-evasion schemes are legal and irreproachable. She has clearly stated that she plays by the rules without breaking them. It does not, therefore, prevent her from being a moral person. Her schemes for tax evasion are all legal and within the bounds of the law and saves the company a lot of money. However, these are witty schemes of evading paying taxes and should not be applauded. On the weights of codes, such conduct presents a grey area. Mei-Hua, in a position of a senior manager, is not particularly setting the right example. She is an ethical leader, but business morals are somewhat compromised by her schemes that raise questions towards the same. Deshi is very distasteful about the whole concept of ethics and codes. He also describes them as a document you signs to â€Å"stop you from making money.† They are also documents that you sign to stop you from making money and in addition, they appear to him as guidelines that almost no one in the real business world is clear to follow. Deshi completely disregards the importance of codes of corporate governance. His views may have the benefits of maximizing profit by use of even shrewd means. However, without a code, business would be near to impossible. Deshi has a point in identifying the disparity between what is in the pages of Codes and Ethics and real practice. The codes and ethics seem to be formality documents while actual practice depicts otherwise. He is keen to note that most western companies say one thing but means something else. He implies that even when these documents are signed, most of the businesses do not regard them as their goal is to create profitable, successful businesses. Deshi has had experience in the real world of business. He discovered that no one really

Long Term Care-Hospice Essay Example for Free

Long Term Care-Hospice Essay Hospice is a process to end-of-life care and a kind of support facility for terminally ill patients. It provides comforting care, patient-centered care and related services. Comforting care relieves discomfort without improving the patient’s condition or curing his illness. Hospice is extended in a healthcare facility or at home. Its objective is to provide compassionate, emotional, and spiritual care for the dying patient. The origin of the word â€Å"hospice† in medieval times meant â€Å"way station for weary travelers† (Perry). The first hospices were run by members of religious orders in the medieval times that cared for weary travelers whom found refuge with them until their death. Modern hospices are believed to have started in the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century in Dublin, Ireland. Roman Catholic Sisters of Charity provided a clean and caring place for the terminally ill. The name hospice was first applied to the care of dying patients by Mme Jeanne Garnier who founded the Dames de Calaire in Lyon, France, in 1842. The name was next introduced by the Irish Sisters of Charity when they opened Our Ladys Hospice in Dublin in 1879 and St Josephs Hospice in Hackney, London 1905. The practice became popular in England, Asia, Australia and Africa. It was only in the early 70s that the hospice concept was introduced and accepted in the United States through the efforts of physicians Cicely Saunders and Elisabeth Kobler-Ross. These practices included effective pain management, comprehensive home care services, counseling for the patient, and acceptance of death as the natural end of the care delivery by health care professionals, bereavement counseling after the patient’s death, and continued research and education (Wexler Frey). Quality care at the end of life soon combined with grief counseling and bereavement care. The government stepped in to contain health-care costs when reimbursement for inpatient hospitalization was significantly reduced. Home-based hospice care also became popular as a more inexpensive alternative to hospitalization or care in a nursing facility (Wexler Frey). The hospice concept was not immediately accepted by conservative health professionals. The concept emphasizes caring more than curing. It also allows interaction with complementary and alternative medicine practitioners. A hospice’s primary function or service is to enable the patient and his family to accept death as a natural part of the life cycle (Wexler Frey, 2004). In addition, it provides pain management and psycho-spiritual support and complementary and alternative therapies. Approximately 80% of hospice patients are in the terminal or end-stage of cancer. Traditional medical facilities provide pain medications when requested, a hospice administers these medications regularly and before they are needed. The intention is to prevent pain from recurring. Furthermore, the problem of addiction and other long-term consequences is not a concern in the case of terminal illness. The concern is to provide effective relief to the greatest degree possible (Wexler Frey). A second major service of a hospice is to relieve physical, psychological, emotional and spiritual discomfort to the patient’s family and others close associates (Wexler Frey, 2004). It relies on members of the clergy, pastoral counselors, social workers, psychiatrists, massage therapists and other trained volunteers to alleviate the discomfort. A hospice also provides grief and bereavement counseling and support groups to assist family members in expressing or resolving emotional tensions. And it allows the use of complementary and alternative therapies, in addition to conventional medicine, in the control of symptoms and in improving the patient’s well-being. A 2002 study conducted on the inclusion of such therapies showed that patients who received them expressed more satisfaction with hospice care than those who did not receive them. These therapies include acupuncture, music therapy, pet therapy, bodywork, massage therapy, aromatherapy, Reiki or energy healing, Native American rites, herbal treatment and similar methods intended to soothe the patient and his family and friends (Wexler Frey). A survey was conducted in 2000 on more than 9,000 patients discharged from more than 2,000 hospices on the services they received (Carlson, 2007). It revealed that 22% of them received five major palliative care services, which varied among the hospices. These palliative care services were nursing care, physician care, medication management, psychological care, and caregiver support. Approximately 14% of the hospices provided all five services and 33% provided only one or two services. Only 59% of these patients received medication management services. These included administering medication, dispensing correct dosages, and setting and following dosage schedule. Growth Projections The National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization reported that, as of 2003, there were 3,139 hospice programs in operation in the United States, Guam and Puerto Rico (Wexler Frey, 2004). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics said that, in 2000, there were 11,400 combined home health and hospice care agencies, which served 1.5 million patients. It also reported that, at present, more than 90% of hospice care is delivered at home, although based in medical facilities. Hospital-based programs often provide hospice care in a wing or a floor in the building. There are also independent and for-profit hospices exclusively for the care of the terminally ill. Most programs offer both inpatient and home care and allow patients to use one or both types of service (Wexler Frey). In 2005, the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization reported that more than 4,100 hospice programs were operating nationwide (Marshall, 2007). A third of these were for-profit companies. The rise in figures led financial analysts to view the hospice industry as among the strongest growing areas in healthcare. Hospice is cost-effective and more people are getting aware of the concept. Records showed that hospice spending had grown at 26% annually since 1989 as compared with 7% increase in overall health expenses in the same period. Despite this statistical increase, the hospice market has yet to be substantially tapped. Of the approximately 2 million apparent deaths in 2003, only 710,000 were in hospice. But new government regulations in the 80s boosted the growth of hospices. These regulations allowed hospice providers into assisted living centers and nursing facilities. Since their exposure to the patients, the industry became a more attractive enterprise. The hospice concept has grown from a voluntary effort to a highly profitable industry worth $9 billion today. It is predicted to continue growing as baby boomers opt for the â€Å"good death.† Of the 47 hospices in Colorado, 53% are non-profit and 36% are for-profit. Nationwide, for-profit hospices multiplied four times between 1994 and 2004 at six times the growth of non-profit hospices (Marshall). Issues and Approaches Hospices operate on thin investment margins of only 8 to 12% on the average and receive Medicare payments of only $125 per day per patient for routine home care (Marshall, 2007). They are lucky to have thousands of volunteers to support operation. But making a profit can be difficult. Medicare regulations state that hospice can be used only up to six months. Yet many patients die just weeks from arrival. If death comes within two weeks of admission, the costs go quite high. Another problem that for-profit hospices confront is maintaining a level of quality care (Marshall). Most hospices require physicians to estimate that the patient is unlikely to survive to six months (Wexler Frey, 2004). This intention is to maintain Medicare eligibility. This disqualifies terminal patients with uncertain prognoses, the homeless and isolated patients. Moreover, health care costs constrain patients to limit their stay in hospices. The shortened stay reduces the chance and time for pastoral and psychological counselors to help the patient and the family to deal with the situation effectively (Wexler Frey). Short stay also incurs more and more costly care (Solnik, 2002). Medicare and private insurers pay per diem, which means that reimbursements remain the same and hospices must cover the rest of the expenses. Furthermore, the patient may not need much care at times and that increases the delivery cost per day. But hospices realize they have to live with this reality (Solnik). Other problems arise when staying too long in a hospice (Solnik, 2002). Prior to admission, two physicians must agree that the patient probably has six months or less to live. The patient must also agree to replace the use of life-saving equipment and treatments with palliative ones. The purpose is to keep him comfortable. If he survives the six-month limit, Medicare payments drain and the hospice must eventually reimburse some of the payments (Solnik). The cost of more effective pain medication has added to the cost of hospice care (Solnik, 2002). Hospices admit they are losing money because of the treatment modes applied to end-of-life care. Regulations must cover all the expenses incurred in all the stages of terminal illness. Medical procedures, like chemotherapy and radiation, are frequently used to alleviate pain and symptoms and for cure. Intravenous medications tackle pain but are also costlier than other forms. The appearance of new and costlier drugs blurs the fine line between life-saving and mere comfort-giving. Chemotherapy can shrink a tumor to allow swallowing and radiation can ease or reduce pain. If the hospice is not well financed, one or two patients who demand these procedures can bring cost problems to the hospice. Shareholders who fear that the return on their investment is jeopardized may decide to cut down on staff. They may also shed off community grief centers, extensive bereavement care, alternative therapies, and inpatient care centers. The multicultural view of death is another issue in hospices in the United States and Western Europe (Wexler Frey, 2004). Migrants with Easter cultures have an entirely different perspective from those with Western cultures. The Chinese’s concept of death is a sharp example. The views of death and end-of-life values of other cultures should be incorporated into the policies of hospice care programs (Wexler Frey). The low rate and significant increase of physician services are additional troubles for hospices (Carlson Morrison, 2007). In most cases, hospice physicians participate only in care planning meetings, not in direct or actual patient care. The 6% increase in the number of patients receiving physician services was not considered significant. Still less than a third of these patients received hands-on physician services. This could be the offshoot of the original and non-medical concept of hospice care (Carlson Morrison). The range of hospice services provided in different regions has also been found to vary by region (Solnik, 2002; Wexler Frey, 2004). Patients in the Northeast received a significantly narrower set of services than those in other regions. Alternative forms of palliative care for end-of-life patients are quite common in the Northeast. These forms have recently expanded as hospital-based palliative care programs more than in other regions. This trend could have influenced the role and scope of hospice care offered in that region (Solnik, Wexler Frey). One more issue or problem is regulation of hospices itself (Solnik, 2002). In order to pay for hospice care, Medicare or a private insurer requires two physicians to sign a document that the patient has only six months or less to live. It then pays only for palliative treatment or management of symptoms and pain, not for the cure of the disease. This compels the patient to choose comfort or care over cure. The hospice industry has been by lobbying for a change in the regulation to allow or include curative treatment in hospice care. In collaboration with this initiative, the National Hospice and Palliative Care Association has also been lobbying for increased insurance reimbursements to include payments for costly procedures, like chemotherapy and radiation therapy (Solnik). Some approaches to these issues have been noted. Increased disease complexity, the diversity of diagnoses and symptom burden are likely to increase direct physician care (Carlson Morrison, 2007). The patient’s primary care physician may continue to monitor the patient’s condition but he is also unlikely to possess appropriate training, knowledge and skills on palliative care (Carlson ^ Morrison). Consolidation efforts in the industry has helped hospice care providers gain greater access to fund sources (Solnik, 2002). This is illustrated by the merging of hospice services among the Charles Hospital and Rehabilitation Center, Mercy Medical Center and Good Samaritan. They created Good Shepherd. They, however, found that reducing the costs of products and services would not sustain them without extensive financing or fund-raising (Solnik). Some studies focused on the availability of hospice care to the elderly in the rural areas (Solnik, 2002). Findings showed that the range of hospice services in the areas were comparable with those in the urban areas. The probability of fewer services in the rural areas can be dealt with by increasing reimbursement to cover trave l expenses and attract skilled health professionals (Solnik). A New York legislation would expand Medicaid payment for freestanding hospices in response to the six-month limit requirement (Solnik, 2003). The initiative encouraged the construction of freestanding hospices, such as The Visiting Nurse Service Hospice of Suffolk, Inc. on Long Island and the Hospice Care Network in Manhasset. Freestanding hospices would create and provide facilities for the exclusive use of hospice care. Hospice beds in hospitals and nursing homes are currently only a small part of the overall facility. This would provide family support to take care of patients who do not have it and need it in their condition. Hospice care providers consider freestanding hospices a potentially important part of their industry (Solnik). Community Assessment The City of South Bend in Indiana is the seat of St. Joseph County in a region known as â€Å"Michiana (Answers.com, 2008).† The region covers counties in Indiana and Michigan. South Bend is famous for the University of Notre Dame and the winning football team, â€Å"The Fighting Irish.† It has a 107,789 population as of 2000. The City’s has nine medical centers, prominently the Hospice of St. Joseph County (McMahon, 2008). Employment in the health care and social services is 13.4% of the total.(McMahon). The Indiana Hospice Palliative Care Organization supervises hospice care in the City. Among the issues it confronts are treating the homeless at the end-of-life, the costs of end-of-life care to elderly patients, pain management, care-giving at the end-of-life, and futile care (2007). Treating the homeless at the end-of-life is a major concern for the City. They can seldom access hospice service for lack of resources for inpatient hospice, a home or social supp ort (Indiana Hospice Palliative Care Organization, 2007). In addition, these homeless are already beset with substance abuse problems and mental illness. Their need for hospital care is 3-4 times greater than expected and 36% longer than poor patients who have homes and encounter similar health problems. Some organizations offer them medical respite, short-term shelter with basic services for those too sick to function on the street. These organizations cannot, however, care for those who are nearing death. (Indiana Hospice Palliative Care Organization). Keeping to a medication regimen is a critical problem among homeless patients. They lack the money to buy them, lose their belongings or suffer from symptoms of mental illness or substance abuse (Indiana Hospice Palliative Care Organization, 2007). Other problems they confront are the control of pain, the inability to discuss death and dying at home. Because of drug abuse, they may be opioid-tolerant and, thus, may need higher doses. If they stop taking drugs, they need specific treatment to handle withdrawal reactions. The homeless also less willing to discuss death on account of what they have been denied in life. A study found that the homeless expect to die suddenly and violently. This expectation affects their willingness to discuss death. The homeless are also unlikely to have a surrogate or confidant who can make decisions for them in the event of incapacitation. Ethics committees or court-appointed guardians take their place for the function. And dying at home is not an option because they have no home. They are also unlikely to observe house rules in hospices. Experts recommend that homeless patients at the end-of-life be encouraged to form trusting relationships to insure or enhance curative and palliative care at that period (Indiana Hospice Palliative Care Organization). City laws are slated for revision to respond to these issues ((Indiana Hospice Palliative Care Organization, 2007). One will direct the Health Department to name a commission, which will â€Å"enact rules for physicians to order for life-sustaining treatment.† The other revision will further strengthen healthcare powers of attorney. Living wills merely provide instructions concerning life-sustaining treatment. Powers of attorney concerning the end-of-life wishes of a patient belong to the spouse as first priority, followed by adult children and then close friends ((Indiana Hospice Palliative Care Organization).# BIBLIOGRAPHY Carlson, M. D. A., et al (2007). Hospice care: what services do patients and their Families receive? Health Services Research: Health Research and Educational Trust. Retrieved on November 20, 2008 from http://findarticles.com./articles/p/mi_m4149/os_4_46/ai_n27331524?tag=content;col1 Indiana Hospice Palliative Care (2007). Crossroads. Indiana Hospice Palliative Care, Inc. Retrieved on November 20, 2008 from http://www.ihpco.org/January%2007%20crossroads.pdf McMahon, P. M. (2008). Economic development for South Bend, Mishawaka and St. Joseph County. Project Future. Retrieved on November 20, 2008 from http://www.projectfuture.org/index.htm Marshall, L. (2007). The business of dying. ColoradoBiz: Wiesner Publications, Inc. Retrieved on November 20, 2008 from http://findarticles.com/articles/p/mi_hb6416/is_8_34/ai_n29369110?tag=content;col1 Solnik, C. (2002). Hospice industry: struggling despite being busier than ever. Long Island Business News: Dolan Media Newswires. Retrieved on November 20, 2008 from

Femininity against Masculinity in A White Heron Essay -- Sarah Orne Je

Since its first appearance in the 1886 collection A White Heron and Other Stories, the short story A White Heron has become the most favorite and often anthologized of Sarah Orne Jewett. Like most of this regionalist writer's works, A White Heron was inspired by the people and landscapes in rural New England, where, as a little girl, she often accompanied her doctor father on his visiting patients. The story is about a nine-year-old girl who falls in love with a bird hunter but does not tell him the white heron's place because her love of nature is much greater. In this story, the author presents a conflict between femininity and masculinity by juxtaposing Sylvia, who has a peaceful life in country, to a hunter from town, which implies her discontent with the modernization?s threat to the nature. Different from female and male which can describe animals, femininity and masculinity are personal and human. That is femininity refers to qualities and behaviors associated with women and girls and masculinity is manly character, it specifically describes men. Femininity has traditionally included features such as gentleness, patience and kindness. On the contrary, men?s chief qualities are strength, courage and violence. Clearly images for two definitions above in A White Heron are Sylvia and the hunter. The hunter is friendly and easy-going while Sylvia is ?afraid of folks?. Sylvia is ?a little maid who had tried to grow for eight years in a crowded manufacturing town?, but she is innocent and purity. ?The little woods-girl is horror-stricken to hear a clear whistle not very far away.? ?Sylvia was more alarmed than before? when the hunter appears and talks to her. She easily agrees to help the hunter with providing food and a place... ...usting civilization upon it? (P. Miller, p.207). With all this, the author has achieved the vividness implication that aggressive masculine modernization is a danger to the gentle feminine nature. In the end of the story, Sylvia decides to keep the secret of the heron and accepts to see her beloved hunter go away. This solution reflects Jewett?s hope that the innocent nature could stay unharmed from the urbanization. In conclusion, Sylvia and the hunter are two typical representatives of femininity and masculinity in the story ?The white heron? by Sarah Orne Jewett. In the age of industrialization when rural life gradually was destroyed, the author as a girl who spent almost of her life in countryside could not help writing about it and what she focuses in her story - femininity and masculinity, which themselves contain the symbolic meanings - come as no surprise.

Adam Smith :: Biography

Adam Smith Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland. His exact date of his birth is unknown but he was baptized on June 5, 1723. At the age of fifteen, Smith began attending Glasgow University where he studied moral philosophy. In 1748 he began giving lectures in Edinburgh where he discussed rhetoric and later he began to discuss the economic philosophy of the â€Å"simple system of natural liberty† which he later proclaimed in his Inquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. In 1751, Smith was appointed professor of logic at Glasgow university, transferring in 1752 to the chair of moral philosophy. His lectures covered the field of ethics, rhetoric, jurisprudence and political economy. In 1759 he published his Theory of Moral Sentiments, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures. This work was about those standards of ethical conduct that hold society together, with emphasis on the general harmony of human motives. Smith moved to London in 1776, where he published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which examined in detail the consequences of economic freedom. It covered such concepts as the role of self-interest, the division of labor, the function of markets, and the international implications of a laissez-faire economy. The Wealth of Nations established economics as an autonomous subject and, launched the economic doctrine of free enterprise. In the western world, it is the most influential book on the subject. When the book, which has become a classic manifesto against mercantilism, appeared in 1776, there was a strong sentiment for free trade in both Britain and America. This new feeling had been born out of the economic hardships and poverty caused by the war but the British public and parliament still clung to mercantilism for many years to come. Smith laid the intellectual framework that explained the free market and still holds true today.

Personal Cultural Diversity Essay

The concept of globalization, which is the increasing integration and interdependence of different countries from one another in terms of economic, communication, and technological aspects, leads one to address the concept of cultural diversity or multiculturalism. Cultural diversity in the health-care system touches lives of many Americans in one way or another. No matter what our own cultural background is, when we go receive medical care, we may encounter a care giver who comes from a different cultural background than ours(Naylor 1997,291).. In the concept of cultural diversity, it can be recognized that two terms are equally important. The first concept is culture, which refers to the total way of life of individuals, and the unique characteristic that separates the human from the rest of the world of living things. It is said to be the primary means of human adaptation and the basis for the majority of human thought and behavior. As such, human beings create, learn, and use culture to respond to the problems of their natural and social-cultural environments, to control them, and even to change them (Naylor 1997, 3). The other important term in the concept of cultural diversity is the concept of diversity, which refers to variety. Putting the two concepts together, cultural diversity refers to the presence of a variety of cultures in a particular group or area. In this sense, the difference of one’s culture with another is being recognized, thus, emphasizing one’s individual unique characteristics in relation to one’s ethnic or racial origin. However, the concept of cultural diversity does not only refer to one’s difference and uniqueness in terms of cultural difference. This is because this concept also refers to personal cultural diversity, which refers to individual differences in terms of family background, values, personal experiences, prejudices and judgments, and socioeconomic class. In addressing personal cultural diversity, the cultural or family background of an individual must be evaluated and examined. In terms of cultural or family background, personal cultural diversity can be seen in terms of differences in the place of birth of an individual, the culture and values of his or her town or city, the unique values that one has been able to acquire, and the negative and positive experiences that one was able to have. In this sense, personal cultural diversity can be seen through the influences of personal xperiences that have been acquired and accumulated by the individual through his or her lifetime. Another factor to consider is the individual’s religious background or influences, as this would determine the values and practice of morality of the individual. This would also define one’s behavior and personality in comparison to other individuals. In addition, the religious influence of an individual, along with his or her personal experiences determines his or her judgments and prejudices regarding a certain issue. Another important factor is one’s social-economic class background, which refers to one’s income levels and lifestyle backgrounds. One’s level of income and lifestyle entitles one to develop different views and perceptions regarding different issues or topics. To sum up the points, it can be perceived that in order to understand the concept of personal cultural diversity, the different aspects of one’s lifestyle must be examined and determined in order to point out individual differences in a particular group or society. This is because each individual has different genetic make-up, thus, making one unique in terms of developing approaches in addressing the different problems in the environment. Work Cited: Naylor, Larry L. Cultural Diversity in the United States. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1997. Naylor, Larry L. Cultural Diversity in the United States. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1997

Free Essays on Accounting Information Systems

Accounting Information Systems (AIS) is basically a subsystem of information that collects, processes, and reports information. AIS is important because of the vital roles that it plays in an organization. In order to achieve goals of the business and objectives, AIS must be accurate and consistent within an organization as well as within each individualized departments. Basically, there are two primary factors that AIS consists of which are financial accounting and managerial accounting. Financial accounting has the primary concern of relating relevant financial information outside of the company to potential investors, federal and tax state agencies or creditors. As for managerial accounting its primary concern is to relay relevant information to users internally within the organization. Some of these users might be managers and some of the departments may be cost accounting, budgeting or systems study. In order for AIS to be successful it will pull information from various subsystems and put it into a data warehouse. The data warehouse is a database that will integrate financial and non financial information so that users and some outside users will have access to the database. This will enable the information to be accessed so that staff can be more productive at work and in some cases at home or while traveling. AIS will have in effect on departments such as Human Resources, MIS (Management Information Systems), and Strategic Planning Systems and possibly other departments as well. AIS will have an effect on these departments because it must be able to extract data whether it is non financial or financial to put it in one centralized location which would be the data warehouse. It will benefit the company, for external users to have access outside the company because if they are traveling for a meeting. They can always log on to the company’s Intranet and find useful inform ation such as financial data or non financial data. Th... Free Essays on Accounting Information Systems Free Essays on Accounting Information Systems Accounting Information Systems (AIS) is basically a subsystem of information that collects, processes, and reports information. AIS is important because of the vital roles that it plays in an organization. In order to achieve goals of the business and objectives, AIS must be accurate and consistent within an organization as well as within each individualized departments. Basically, there are two primary factors that AIS consists of which are financial accounting and managerial accounting. Financial accounting has the primary concern of relating relevant financial information outside of the company to potential investors, federal and tax state agencies or creditors. As for managerial accounting its primary concern is to relay relevant information to users internally within the organization. Some of these users might be managers and some of the departments may be cost accounting, budgeting or systems study. In order for AIS to be successful it will pull information from various subsystems and put it into a data warehouse. The data warehouse is a database that will integrate financial and non financial information so that users and some outside users will have access to the database. This will enable the information to be accessed so that staff can be more productive at work and in some cases at home or while traveling. AIS will have in effect on departments such as Human Resources, MIS (Management Information Systems), and Strategic Planning Systems and possibly other departments as well. AIS will have an effect on these departments because it must be able to extract data whether it is non financial or financial to put it in one centralized location which would be the data warehouse. It will benefit the company, for external users to have access outside the company because if they are traveling for a meeting. They can always log on to the company’s Intranet and find useful inform ation such as financial data or non financial data. Th...

buy custom Starbucks essay

buy custom Starbucks essay Starbucks is a company established in the North America which has been dominant in the coffee sphere. The success factors of Starbucks in the early 1990s were very different from the factors that are today. Some of these factors include; product variety, experimental branding strategy, service innovation, compensation system which was considered to be of great quality, target customers, high quality coffee, and the availability of the customer service which had trained employees, hospitality, product quality, and clean environment. The Starbucks value proposition was very compelling because it prioritized customers satisfaction and proposed the creation of the certain ambience which was based on the community and unity of people. It promoted customers intimacy since it was obvious that the positive responses from customers and the increase in the coffee consumption among people on their daily basis influenced the production of the drink, which the customers really liked. The brand that they developed was a service brand which gave a promise to those people who were the potential customers and who could find a place where they could relax and enjoy a very good service (Moon Quelch, 2006). This proved that the brand image of Starbucks was very effective. The customers satisfaction regarding Starbuck has been declining over the years with the service of the company that is deteriorating. The sources of this decline in the performance is a result of the financial leverage drop, which has the ability to enhance profits, due to the presence of the very stiff competition, which is available in the changing market, and the aggression in the U.S. expansion. According to recent market researches, the company is not meeting all the expectations of the customers service as it starts debating on a plan estimated at about $40 million per annum. The set plan is aimed at increasing the speed of its services to customers by boostin the availability of labor in all its stores (Moon Quelch, 2006). The loss of the connection between the business growth and the customer satisfaction, the change in the customers tastes and preferences, and the changes in the market segment shows that the new customers of Starbucks often have a very different perception of the companys brand meaning which could also explain the reason as to why the customer satisfaction is failing drastically. It is the work of the senior executives of the company to manage all the marketing responsibilities where there was an ineffective data analysis for making decisions in the company. The company faced stiff competition from independent coffee shops which offered a range of foods and beverages such as beer, liquor, and wine, while others offered and delivered high personalized services to their clienteles (Behar Goldstein, 2007). Starbucks of today greatly differs from Starbucks of 1992 in a number of ways. This is because levels of difficulties in the production of drinks have significantly risen due to the increase and advancement of new technologies. It has changed a great deal in its distribution channels. However, it was only famous as the coffeehouse back in 1992, but it now has different distribution channels like restaurants, airlines, and grocery and warehouse stores. The company has also changed its product diversity, since it has expanded the variety of its coffee production such as tea and chocolate because of the increasing rates of innovation in the company. The increase in pressure on baristas has also changed in the company since there is the need to serve all its customers with extended hours of service where job complexity has created a tension between the customer focus and product quality (Behar Goldstein, 2007). Starbucks has slightly changed its value proposition since the initial value proposition of the company emphasized on customers sattisfaction above all other aspects in the business which called for good management. This is because the customers satisfaction in the company has been seen to be decreasing which shows that the services being offered by the company are decreasing as well showing that the customer is seizing to become the priority of the company (Moon Quelch, 2006). The change which I would recommend to Starbucks of today so as to be able to stay profitable and be able to develop a sustainable competitive advantage is that the company should adapt a leadership management strategy. In order for Starbucks to be successful in the competitive market, there is a need to have good innovative leaders who possess profound skills in decision making process of the company. Some executives are solely to be blamed for failures of the businesses and the companies that they manage because they prioritize the profit goal instead of the customers satisfaction goal. The customers play a very important role in the existence of the company. Despite the fact that the companys products may be of great quality, it still needs the customers to purchase its products. The reason as to why I have recommended the leadership management strategy for the Starbucks is that the executives of business are the leaders of the company and they have to act as role models in the organization. Leaders are the ones who are responsible for all the decision making processes and a good leadership management can lead to very good decisions that are likely to maximize the strengths of the company in realizing the companys goals. They have to come up with the companys internal and external analyses which is made up with the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the company, and then come up with good decisions on how they can be able to fortify the strengths of the company for its own benefit in terms of the profit margins that the company gets in maximizing all the opportunities. Buy custom Starbucks essay

Separation of Church and State

Separation of Church and State The separation of church and state is a fast growing issue of today. The beginning of the First Amendment says, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." Separation of church and state is a miss-representation of the First Amendment intended to deceive those that can be easily deceived.In the past there has been numerous court cases dealing with separation of church and state. Each passing year it is miss-interpreted more and more by the Supreme Court. Our founding fathers never meant for this confusion to happen. One of the major factors to this is a misinterpreted letter by Thomas Jefferson. On January 1, 1802 Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter. Contained within this letter was Jefferson's concern with the Government breeching religious freedom and affairs of the church. In this letter Jefferson mentioned a wall of separation between church and state.This image was selected as a picture of the week o...Jefferson was saying that the legislature couldn't favor a specific religion or prohibit a specific exercise. No power over the freedom of religion is delegated to the United States by the Constitution .In 1804, bible reading and use of the bible was implemented in the first public schools in the District of Columbia. During this time Thomas Jefferson was president of the school board. Moral instructions created by Thomas Jefferson were included in the school curricular. There was even places in schools set aside for worship. This to was created by one of our founding fathers, Thomas Jefferson. In 1772 an essay called The Rights of the Colonist were widely circulated. A man named Samuel Adams wrote it.Many as the Father of the American Revolution knew him. Samuel Adams was one of the Singers of the Declaration of Independence. Not to mention that he makes a great...

Seth Godin and his impact on modern marketing practices Research Paper

Seth Godin and his impact on modern marketing practices - Research Paper Example In fact, Godin has introduced the concept that marketing can play two key roles – in addition to its existing functions worldwide. It is explained that marketing can be used in order to sell products/ services to people of quite low income – reference is made to the markets of the emerging countries where the average level of income is quite low, compared to the developed countries (Fawkes 2010). It is further emphasized that the exclusive use of marketing in developed countries cannot be considered as acceptable leading to the promotion of social exclusion and discrimination. Instead, marketing should be also used in emerging economies for promoting products that are aligned with local needs. Another characteristic of the views of Godin on marketing is the following one: Godin believes that marketing is not just a business activity; rather it is a framework that can ‘change the world’ (Fawkes 2010). This target is achieved, in accordance with Godin, in the following way: by improving the quality of products sold, entrepreneurs increase their chances for success; if the products offered in the market are of good quality, consumers are more likely to buy them developing a trend based on the increase of quality/demand, as a characteristic of modern market. The existing practice of low price/ low quality products would be then eliminated changing market values and trends. At the next level, Godin supports that the individual who wishes to develop his career in marketing should start working on the specific field independently; then, he can try to enter a firm that operates in the particular sector; as Godin states ‘if you get great at it, you’ll discover jobs find you’ (Sakas 2010). Also, Godin considers marketing as a responsibility, and not as a right... To the question of Rachelle Money how his involvement in marketing is explained, Godin refers to one of his key characteristics: he ‘enjoys watching his ideas spread’ (Money 2008). It is perhaps in this context that Godin has tried, successfully, to develop terms that represent key marketing functions and characteristics. Through the issues highlighted above it is made clear that the success of Godin in the area of marketing can be considered as resulted because of the interaction of many different factors: personal views, experiences and knowledge. In accordance with the issues discussed above, the main difference between Godin and the supporters of the traditional marketing theorists are their views on the role of consumer in the success of a marketing campaign. As Godin highlighted, the success of each marketing strategy is depended on its ability to address the needs of consumer – a fact that should be made clear to the customer, not just hypothesized. The success of Godin in the particular field is related with a series of facts: a) the level of his knowledge on marketing – Godin holds a Stanford MBA, b) his long term experience in marketing – referring to his work as ‘a marketing director of Whole Food Market and vice-president of the direct marketing department in Yahoo’ (Business Week 2008), c) his innovative ideas on marketing, as explained above, which have introduced the following trend: marketing campaigns are aligned with the preferences of customers and not with the need of busine sses for improving their performance. Moreover, Godin has helped towards the improvement of existing marketing concepts; indeed, the views of Godin, as reflected in his Permission Marketing concept, has been the basis for the update of common marketing policies, like the e-mail marketing and the content marketing, in the context described above.

MPH599 - Culminating Project Mod 3 Case Assignment Essay

MPH599 - Culminating Project Mod 3 Case Assignment - Essay Example Children watch television or play video games for greater than four hours a day have a greater risk for obesity. It has been shown that a reboot reduction in the television or video game time can not only improve but be a treatment for obesity. Further, other behaviors that have changed in this age group, more children are eating high calorie foods than they have in the past. Television ads increase the desire for fast food which is high in calories and high in fat (Epstein and Keller, 2003). Those children who are raised by obese parents also have a greater risk for obesity. There has been discussion as to whether there is a genetic or environmental factor that may predispose children to obesity. However they been unable to prove that (Golan and Wiseman, 2001). Another great risk factor for childhood obesity is low socioeconomic status. Food insecurity and not having access to healthy food are the reasons for this problem. Children from low-income families often do not have safe facilities for physical exercise. This increases the number of television hours that these children have. Many of them are awaiting their parents arrival home from a job, as these parents cannot afford child sitters. Is also at issue that this group of children are not able to visit the position as often as other children do. They may very well not have a yearly checkup like so many other children due to the lack of insurance or money to cover visits. This alone contributes to childhood obesity. It is not picked up early in the event, therefore instead of catching these children at the stage of being overweight, we do not see them until they are at the stage of obese. By this time, they may very well have some of the side effects of obesity including hypertension and type II diabetes. Young people throughout the world are becoming increasingly inactive, as are their parents. 30% of boys and 41% of girls aged 2 to 15 do not meet

Outline for essay topoc. Critically cinsider the role of insuranse law

Outline for topoc. Critically cinsider the role of insuranse law and practice in the regulation of international business transactions - Essay Example Regulations of insurance agents and insurance companies will also be introduced. There will be arguments on insurance policies and regulatory issues concerning risk and operation management of insurance businesses. There will be a discussion of the nature and fundamentals of insurance, its functions and purpose in commerce, and its effects and function on tort litigation and recovery. These will be discussed in relation to insurance contract, structure, interpretation, and use. This section will discuss international company, business transactions involving insurance law. Examples of treaties and international trades will be highlighted, as well as the benefits and effects to the global economy. This section will highlight private law of transactions involving the movement of goods from one country to another. It will also describe the public law controls which effect such transactions and transactions which are governed by other legal systems such as WTO. This section will describe the way in which major projects are financed, focusing on the key features of the financing and the players who bring infrastructure projects to life.   There will be emphasis on the key legal and other risks in the project financing. This section will examine the international trade landscape, the main institutional protagonist, namely the World Trade Organization, and its rules. It will also examine the legal issues surrounding cross-border investment decisions and disputes Oduntan, Gbenga C.I.F. Gatwick and Other Such Nonsense Upon Stilts: Incoterms and the Law, Jargon and Practice of International Business Transactions6. International Company and Commercial Law Review, (2010). Organization. RH, Robert Hunter, Federal Insurance Administrator from 1974 to 1978, is president of the National Insurance,Consumer Organization. REFORM INSURANCE, NOT LIABILITY LAW; TAMING THE LATEST INSURANCE CRISIS. New York Times 1986 Apr

Discussion DESIGN Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion DESIGN - Assignment Example To do this costume designers conduct a thorough research. Sometimes it is possible to adjust costumes to the à ©poque as it happened with the costume designer of â€Å"The Tudors† who â€Å"tudorized† the costumes adding minor details or changing the style. Costume designers read the script and think of how they can best transmit all information about the characters in the most appropriate way. Since part of the costumes are created for the non-human characters, such as spirits, animals, wizards, costume designers have to transform the existing tissues and styles to make them look less trivial. Costume designers take inspiration everywhere; they can use feathers, plants, shells in clothes in order to reveal special traits of the personages such as ability to fly for example. Moreover, costume designers use folk motives in their costumes to recreate the origin of the characters. Thus in order to make costumes for the â€Å" The Lion King† costume designer used national African tribal outfits and transformed them for the characters. It is necessary to remember that costumes have to allow personages do what they must do on stage: run, jump, fly. The costumes must be easy to wear in case when characters have to change clothes severa l times during performance. Costume designers collaborate with all the team to create a general look of a play or a

Anti-federalist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anti-federalist - Essay Example The strong belief of anti-federalists to have an independent, sovereign government for each state laid the basis for opposing ratification of US constitution. The anti-federalists who regarded constitution as untried were skeptical of its ability to form the finest form of government. They claimed it to be silliness to substitute the existing form of government with an entirely new document. Anti-federalists argued that constitution characterized twin evils of monarchy and aristocracy rather than the democratic goals of American Revolution. The most significant reason for the opposition against the ratification of constitution was the fear of provision for president’s supreme power. Limited restrictions on authority of national government over the states were claimed by anti-federalists and they stressed on an authority equal to states rather than a greater one. They claimed the emergence of congress as aristocratic in nature as president was supposed to be given much power by the constitution. Members of anti-federalist group doubted the effectiveness of national government in controlling a vast country like the United States. They sorted out several problems in constitution such as insufficient representation scheme and argued that constitution would put an end to self rule in the states.

Discussion DESIGN Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion DESIGN - Assignment Example To do this costume designers conduct a thorough research. Sometimes it is possible to adjust costumes to the à ©poque as it happened with the costume designer of â€Å"The Tudors† who â€Å"tudorized† the costumes adding minor details or changing the style. Costume designers read the script and think of how they can best transmit all information about the characters in the most appropriate way. Since part of the costumes are created for the non-human characters, such as spirits, animals, wizards, costume designers have to transform the existing tissues and styles to make them look less trivial. Costume designers take inspiration everywhere; they can use feathers, plants, shells in clothes in order to reveal special traits of the personages such as ability to fly for example. Moreover, costume designers use folk motives in their costumes to recreate the origin of the characters. Thus in order to make costumes for the â€Å" The Lion King† costume designer used national African tribal outfits and transformed them for the characters. It is necessary to remember that costumes have to allow personages do what they must do on stage: run, jump, fly. The costumes must be easy to wear in case when characters have to change clothes severa l times during performance. Costume designers collaborate with all the team to create a general look of a play or a

Critical review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical review - Essay Example The article by Yeong and Ngee (2014) has tried to find out a clear distinction between the definitions of culture, organizational culture and the organizational climate. The article has explained that the culture is a set of belief and norms that are learnt and shared among a group of individuals in close proximity. The organizational culture on the other hand is the practices or trends followed by the employees and staffs of a particular organization. Just like culture varies across different countries and regions, the organizational culture also varies across different organizations or industries. In the light of organizational culture, it has been mentioned that the organizational practices are dynamic in nature and often changes under the influence of new comers. It has been mentioned that a new comer coming from a particular organization brings certain cultural traits, which gets infused with the culture of the current organization thereby making certain changes in it. In this c ontext Turker and Altuntas (2015) have mentioned in their article regarding the impact on the new comer of the organizational culture which he has been recently exposed to. Yeong and Ngee (2014) have highlighted on the influence of the new comer on the organizational practices, where he mentioned that the previous organizational culture of the individual is brought by him in the new organization. On the other hand, Turker and Altuntas (2015) have discussed about the impact of the new organizational culture on the perception of the new comers. Thus it can be stated that both the articles have discussed orgazanitions culture, but has portrayed different perspective of its relationship with the new comers. Moreover, in the article of Yeong and Ngee (2014) it has been clearly mentioned the difference between the definitions of culture and organizational culture and at the

Game and Sportsman Essay Example for Free

Game and Sportsman Essay Sportsmanship does not mean only taking part in sports and playing the game in conformity with the rules prescribed, but also playing the game of life in the spirit imbibed on the playing fields. A true sportsman is he who observes all those rules in life which he has been taught to observe in games. One who has achieved skill or proficiency in games but does not learn to apply the principles of sports to life in general does not deserve to be called a sportsman. On the contrary, a man who gives evidence of possessing a sporting spirit in games is still a sportsman. Usually those who play games develop into true sportsmen because their character is molded by the training they are given on the field. It implies fair play. Just in games if any player plays foul, the side to which he belongs is penalized, similarly in the bigger game of life one must always be fair in ones dealings with others. Fairness, honesty, integrity, openness of heart and frankness -these are the qualities that a sportsman must display in life. One should not practice deception, should not bluff, should not cheat others and should indulge in diplomacy or humility. A sportsman never takes undue advantage of the weakness of his adversary nor does he hit below the belt. The art implies obedience to the leader. In games the players have to obey their captain and yield to him on points on which they are in disagreement with him. They must repose the fullest confidence in him. In life too, a sportsman yields to his superior even if he does not agree with him. Respect for discipline is an essential part of sportsmanship. Team spirit is another important element of sportsmanship. In games the various players must cooperate with one another if they wish to win a match. Without mutual co-operation success is impossible. Similarly in whatever sphere of life one may be, one must aid and be aided by ones friends if one is a true sportsman. Sportsmanship consists in working in full harmony with others. In cooperation indeed lies strength. Wherever a common aim binds a number of people together, they must display their sportsmanship by working harmoniously, without friction or mutual jealousy. Finally, the spirit of sportsmanship demands cheerfulness even in the face of a defeat. When two players play a tennis match, the loser does not cherish any grudge against the winner. In fact the loser congratulates his opponent on his success and shakes hands with him. Fair play, respect for discipline, recognition of the need for teamwork and cheerfulness even in the event of defeat are thus the dominant marks of a sportsman. Sportsmanship is worthy of admiration.

How The Grinch Stole Christmas

How The Grinch Stole Christmas How the Grinch stole Christmas is the rhymed story, beautifully illustrated by Dr. Seuss. This rhyming story not only sounds pleasant while listening, but it also gives a good lesson to all of the readers or listeners. This poem has been written 69 years ago, but it still charms the people of every age (Gikow, ‎ 2000). Theodor Seuss Geisel, also known as Dr. Seuss, was a well known poet, writer and cartoonist. He is well known for his book on children. He represents nonsense poetry, childrens literature, learning how to read and energetic cartoons. Dr. Seuss was a purist in his work and he sometimes, would spend approx. a year on a particular book (Stan, ‎2006). Dr. Seuss is probably the most beloved author of childrens Book, of the past century. He used his power of imagination to develop outstanding kids books. He not only created the unique and fun text, but he also helped children learn through that text. His books, though written for starters, appeal to people of all ages (Philip‎, 2004). How the Grinch Stole Christmas is the classic childrens story of all time. From teaching point of view, this story is not only perfect for the children, who are in their ready-to-read age, but it is also the perfect poem for teacher to teach with all the interests of the Starters. This story was first published as a book in 1957 by Random House. The book criticizes and is based o the Christmas commercialization. This book is also named as the Teachers Top 100 Books for children, by an online poll. This book also contains illustrations by Dr. Seuss, which add to the interest of the children. On the Top of the Mount Crumpit, which was in the north side of the Whoville, there lived a cat like thing known as the Grinch. The Grinch was green in color and used to live in a cave. His only friend was a tiny dog Max. From the mount, the Grinch could see that the people of Whoville, known as Whos, celebrating Christmas Eve and festivities. He could also hear their voices of excitement and singing. He watched those exchanging Christmas gifts and their Carol-singing. People of Whoville loved Christmas and they always wanted to enjoy this season with merriment. The Grinch was very much jealous of their happiness. He could no more endure them celebrating their favorite season. His heart was too sizes too small. So he decided to ruin their happiness (Dr. Seuss‎, 2000). So the Grinch, with his poorly dressed dog Max, went down the steep. Grinch had had his enough of Christmas business He was determined to destroy each and everything related to Christmas once and for all. So he sneaked into the houses of the Whos and stole their Christmas presents. He also stole their meals, decorations. He then started for his mount to take this loot up. He was determined to throw all these Christmas garbage. But at the very last moment, he heard a sound of Whos. This sound was coming from Whoville. All the Who were singing for the Christmas. Despite the fact that there was nothing in their houses to enjoy, they were singing together. Suddenly the Grinch felt remorse. He came back with all their stuff and joined the Christmas song. The Grinchs Attitude If we look into the character of the Grinch, we can see that he is obviously the Antagonist. Grinch was a miserable person, miserably against the happiness of others. He perfectly represents the Bad Guy of the story and typically lonely. He was not only physically alone, but more importantly he was a social outcast. He had no interaction with the people and lives in complete social isolation. He never felt any attraction or affection to the people of Whoville. He just lived above the mountain. Watching them, singing merrily and exchanging gifts with each other, always made him jealous. So he plotted against their happiness. He wanted to deprive them of the things which make them happy. He did not want to see anybody happy, as long as he is unhappy with his life. He thought when the people of Whoville would not have anything to celebrate Christmas with; they will all became sad and unhappy like him. This was the only thing that could make him happy. Dr. Seuss made his point very clear that lonely people hates facing cheering crowds Change in the Grinchs Attitude After Stealing all the things the Grinch thought that he had made the people of Whoville unhappy. But then he heard them singing like the way they always do. Only after then, a Shocking realization struck him. He realized that his plan totally failed. He had not managed to stop the celebrations of Christmas. Without any present and decorations, the people of Whoville were still celebrating the Christmas Eve with merriment. The Grinch realized that Christmas has nothing to do with the gifts and decoration. It even comes to those who have nothing in their houses. He can never steal Christmas, because Christmas is not a tangible thing. Christmas is something quite different. He can never prevent Christmas from coming. He has always misunderstood the merriment of the people of Whoville. He was in the state of utter shock. Though Grinch was a cruel and a lonely person but he still had a heart, which was innocent. He loved people inside and wanted to enjoy their gathering. But he never managed to join them by himself. He tried to steal their happiness, but he realizes that happiness was not about material thing. It can also be achieved, even if you have nothing. The situation introduced him to this new reality. It was shocking, but true. Christmas is not about presents and decorations, its all about inside merriment. The Grinch, with nothing in his possession, can even enjoy Christmas with the people of the Whoville. Dr. Seuss wants to tell us that Christmas is not about material things and commercialization. It is not about decorations and spending. Christmas is all about loving each other and spending time with your loved one. By this story he showed us all that, even the Grinch took all the things of Whos, but they still celebrated Christmas. Love, peace and harmony are the true message of the Christmas. Gifts and trees have nothing to do with the Christmas.

Snap Shot of a Dog Essay -- English Literature Essays

Snap Shot of a Dog James Thurber is a famous and popular American writer and artist. His humorous prose and drawing are never gay because the enthusiasm is dampened by melancholy. His fantastic characters are mostly animals whose balance of life is distorted and disturbed by a malignant fate. ‘Snap Shot of a Dog’ is taken from THE THURBER CARNIVAL which contains his most impressive work. Many of his writings and drawings deal with dogs. He understands them and he has the gist of being able to communicate his understanding to the reader. This piece is typical of Thurber. It is both humorous and serious as his writings usually are. The story flows along easily and smoothly and the reader has the impression that the writer is talking to him. The writer looks upon the dog sympathetically and at times affectionately. Rex was the name of the author’s pet dog. He was no doubt a dog of his own type who was fond of adventures. This account is as such written objectively. The dog has been dead long ago. The memory of the dog is still fresh in the mind of writer when he wrote this story. Rex was a bull terrier. He has a strong built. Indeed he was a beauty. The writer and his two brothers loved it dearly. He was a faithful dog and carried out all the orders of his maters. There was nothing impossible in his world. The writer describes certain qualities of his pet. Though he was strong and pugnacious yet he never started the fight. He had a gentle nature. He never bit anybo...

The Role of the Inspector in An Inspector Calls Essay examples -- An I

The Role of the Inspector in 'An Inspector Calls' An Inspector Calls is a play with many social and political messages. J. B. Priestley believed a great deal in socialism and he used several of his plays to try and influence people to be Socialist as well. It was written in a time when Britain was ruled by a Labour government and socialist policies were seen as the way forward. It was a popular way of thinking at that time so Priestley's aim for the play was probably to teach the unconvinced. The Inspector in J. B. Priestley's 'An Inspector Calls' is one of the most thought-provoking and mysterious characters that modern day literature has yet produced. It is this mysterious element that contributes greatly to making him a very interesting character and one that may be perceived in many ways. The audience does not find a great deal out about the Inspector and nothing is explicitly told to us; we are given hints and clues from the way he acts and what he says and are forced to piece these together to form our own ideas about his identity and his intentions. In this way, Priestley has asked his audience to act as a judge and to reach personal conclusions about him. The role of the Inspector is one of many levels. In terms of how he is used in the basic structure of the play, he is there to move the play along in that he encourages the characters to tell their stories. If there was not the revelation that he was not a real Police Inspector, he would only be considered as a narrator and not play a big part in the play. Because it transpired that he was an impostor of sorts, further questions are asked by the audience and different insights have become likely and it is clear that the Inspector is in the play for many reasons. T... ...e unpunished. One must conclude that the Inspector's main purpose is to teach. In the context of the play, he told the characters what had happened to a particular girl because they had each been guilty of selfishness. In regards to the whole of society, he voiced Priestley's opinions that we cannot make any progress if we do not work together. In my opinion, those watching or reading the play today would not gain as much from the story in regards to the moral teachings because most have now accepted the advantages of Socialism over Capitalism and so do not have as much to learn on the arguments of this issue as the audiences of 1947. In regards to the question of what the Inspector actually was, I personally feel that there is not enough evidence given for even a strong, fact-supported theory to be produced to answer the question, let alone an infallible answer.

Exercise on Group Behavior

Exercise on group behavior 1. Based on knowledge from your company group relate to and explain the 5-stage group development model and the punctuated equilibrium model (both very important for exam. Group analysis based on 5-stage model: * Forming. Firs task was to find out people with the same level of motivation, expectations and similar point of view through the vision of business idea. After finally forming the company group another task was to find out the purpose of the project and understood why this experience could be useful for us (It took almost all day).Furthermore we had to take decisions about how group is going to look like and what tasks we have to do personally: we find out which persons are going to be leaders who are generating the idea and who are going to work with developing and presenting it. * Storming. Secondly we as a very fresh and inexperienced group had to come up with real and innovative business plan. It was the hardest part of all because we didnâ€⠄¢t knew each other very good. We had many conflicts about different ideas while finally after many disagreements we find out the best decision of our idea. * Norming.During the working time our relationships grown up significantly. It became much easier to work with each other. We began to understand each other easily and that let us to improve our productivity skills in team work.. * Performing. With better relationships to each other our performing improved as well. Everybody knew what they had to do and was not afraid to consulate to other group members. We began to work very fast and effective. * Adjourning. Finally we easily wrote one page report and we are waiting for new activities. Group analysis based on punctuated equilibrium model:Our group development can be good example of punctuated equilibrium model. First day of our work was very efficient. We formed our group, created first business idea and tried to develop and analyzed it. However after a while working with lost things idea we come up with the decision that we are not able to develop and use it. Then it was period of trying to find new ideas. We had about 10 different solutions however we didn’t stick to none of them until the last day when we had to send one page report. Last minutes work helped us to create and generate good idea and present it to others. Based on knowledge on group development why do you think group work often starts with teambuilding activities like wild-life experiences, bowling, outdoor exercises etc.? In group development is very important feeling and atmosphere through the members. Good relationships and knowing each other are the main keys to productive and efficient work. Teambuilding activities give ability to understand the way how other people are thinking, how active they are. Furthermore, people always feel much comfortable and relaxed in the known environment.As for my experience in teambuilding trip i can strongly agree that it was the best way to qu ickly get in the new team. 3. Explain how role conflicts might arise from role perceptions differing from role expectations (try to give a real life example that you have experienced). Personal example: In high school our student council (I was fresh member there) were organizing big event. Leading group announced that everybody can join them and take an active part in developing it. I with other â€Å"freshers† had many interesting thoughts and expectations however how come up in the end we were ably only to participate in cleaning after the party.As a result we felt exploited and misunderstood what caused big conflict between leading and new members. 4. Explain how conformity and status of group members effects team work . Conformity and status are very important part in group development. People are used to behave by first impression. Members who have more experience, are more talented or more self-confident (have higher status than other) are used to be treated as a leade rs or be more respected from the first minute. It can have both positive and negative effects through the group. It is important that despite status everybody would have equal right to speak and realize themselves.Furthermore, People often conform from a desire for security within a group—typically a group of a similar age, culture, religion, or educational status. It can prevent people from new ideas and innovation. 5. Explain why group cohesiveness can be both positive and negative for team performance Positive performance| Negative performance| * Individuals are proud to be in the group and see group membership important. As a result they look seriously to the tasks, output and achievements of the group. * Members of cohesive groups deal with conflict openly and constructively. They develop and share values and team loyality. Cohesive groups increase job satisfaction and reduce stress. * When working toward a common goal group members can fill in for each others' lack of k nowledge or shortage of skill. | * Teams members have tendency to adopt similar behaviors that became group norm what can couse lowered productivity or lack of creativity and innovation * Group-think. It happens when individual group members lose the ability to think for themselves and rely on the group to make their decisions. * cohesive groups find it difficult to change their values, actions or behaviors, particularly when the change is driven by external forces. Opinions held by the majority or by key group members are regarded as unanimous and alternative views are discouraged| 6. Answer the questions in the â€Å"Ethical Dilemma† page 255 1) If group members end up ‘working around’ shirkers, do you think this information should be communicated to the instructor so that individual’s contribution to the project is judged more fairly? If so, does the group have an ethical responsibility to communicate this to the shirking group member? If not, isnâ€⠄¢t the shirking group member unfairly reaping the rewards of a â€Å"free ride’’? Personally I believe that decision have to be made based on situation.I think that first of all group has to try to identify the problem why the member is not working. Maybe he/she has personal problems and can’t concentrate or he/she is not experienced enough that could face the task by himself. Furthermore, is very important to try to speak with the member and say your dissatisfaction directly instead of just throwing him out. If it doesn’t work then group must to communicate with instructor. 2) Do you think confronting the shrinking group member is justified? Does this depend on the skills of shirker (weather he is capable of doing good-quality work)?I believe that everything depends on situation and the task what members have to do. If person is able to do that but just is trying to avoid the work than it is justified. 3) Social loafing has been found to be higher in W estern, more individual nations, that other countries. Do you think this means we should tolerate shirking in these countries to a greater degree than if it occurred with someone from more collectivistic nation? I think that social and cultural background has great influence to human character. This is the reason that group members have to be tolerant with each other and try to find the best working method. . Make case incident 2 page 256 1) What are some factors that led to groupthink in the cases described here? What can teams do to attempt to prevent groupthink from occurring? People have tendency not to make quick and efficient decisions. They are trying to avoid conflicts in the team and are not making changes related with a work. They tend to strict to more traditional and safe decisions. I think that leader have to promote people to represent different ideas and not to be afraid of using different ways. 2) How might differences in status among group members contribute to grou pthink?For example, how might lover-status members react to group’s decisions? Are lower-status members more or less likely to be dissenters? Why might higher-status group members be more effective dissenters? Status has very big impact through group members. Individuals with lower-status are tend to keep quietly and not make decisions. They pretend that situation is appropriate for them and company. Higher-status group members are mostly more active and innovative. 3) Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer says that he encourages dissent. Can such norms guard against the occurrence of groupthink?As a manager, how would you try to cultivate norms that prevent groupthink? I personally believe that encouraging dissent is one of the best ways against the occurrence of groupthink. It stimulates people to think and come up with new ideas or improve the old ones. I would choose the same way. 4) How might group characteristics such as size and cohesiveness affect groupthink? If group is very b ig and cohesive then it has big risk to be unsuccessful. People are not used to say their opinion or take action. I believe that smaller groups are working more efficient because they get more responsibilities.

Is Tourism Considered an Import or an Export?

Is tourism import or export? Tourism is now one of the fastest growing sectors of the economies of many countries, especially for the developed regions. What is the majority of their income of the tourism industry comes from? In fact, their income is came form importing and exporting tourism. However, is tourism solely export or import? Our group holds the view that tourism is both import and export. Exporting tourism means that tourists from other places travel to the host country and consume goods and services. In addition, according to book ‘Tourism Principles and Practice (second edition)’, it is said that international tourist expenditure can be seen as an invisible export from the other countries. To explain, let us take Macau as an example. Macau, as an international city with its fast-developing tourism industry, attracts tourists all around the world. At the day when tourists first arrive Macau until they leave, they will have fundamental needs of transportation, accommodation and food and beverages. When tourists go to different scenic spots, they will need transportation and they may buy souvenirs. Moreover, some of them will visit the casinos for entertainment, and eventually they will need to eat and to have a place to stay (e. g. hotel). As they are enjoying all these services, Macau is exporting tourism for Macau provides these services. On the other hand, importing tourism means that people from the host country travel to the other places and consume goods and services there. In fact, import of tourism is exactly the opposite of export of tourism. Domestic citizens of the host country travel to other places and surely they will also need accommodation and transportation. Therefore, we are importing tourism from other places. In conclusion, according to the above information provided, our group strongly agrees that tourism should include both import and export. Furthermore, import and export should be maintained in an equilibrium state.

Immunizations are safe for children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Immunizations are safe for children - Essay Example Going by the first definition of safety, there is no immunization that is safe. According to Baggs, Gee, Lewis et al. (2011), in vaccines are generally safe and effective even though they may be associated with rare and long term adverse effects. Apart from these potential long term effects, a majority of them cause pain, tenderness or even redness during injection. For instant the pertussis (or whooping cough) vaccine can cause persistent, inconsolable crying, high fever or seizures connected to fever. Though some of these side effects can be severe, they are not permanent (Offit 2013). In real sense, no activity in this world is 100 percent safe, and most of the things considered safe do possess hidden danger. For instance in the United States, 350 people die from shower or bathroom related accidents, 200 people get killed due to food getting stuck in the wind pipe and 100 people die due to lightening strikes every year (Offit 2013). Despite these risks, very few people consider taking a bath, eating food or walking outside in the rain as dangerous activities (Offit 2013). The other definition of safety is hinged upon preserving from real danger. Going by this definition, the danger (infection or disease) is leads to a graver consequence as compared to the protective measure (vaccine) against the danger. In other words, the benefits of having an immunization are clearly greater than the risks of not having one (Offit 2013). Baggs, Gee, Lewis et al. (2011) note that the safety of vaccines is assured by the rigorous assessments they are subjected to during their pre -licensing clinical trials. To better examine the safety of immunization for children, benefits of immunization must be looked into. One of the best ways to protect children is through immunization as this has the ability to protect their lives against ailments that are associated

Cultural Barries in Global Business Research Paper

Cultural Barries in Global Business - Research Paper Example Such reasons include an enabling business environment, which is a prerequisite for any business startup or venture. On the other hand, a business will face challenges related to the culture, which may act as a barrier on business. Furthermore, there are other challenges like leadership barriers, which affect business operations. Nevertheless, it is incumbent upon the business to deal with these challenges and use the best leadership methods. The United States is one of the countries that appeal to business ventures for obvious reasons. In this regard, a business will succeed in an environment that is politically stable and not volatile. In effect, the United States offers such an environment for business. Known as the free world, the United States is a model of democracy that is free from autocratic rule, which makes business operations conducive. As a result, a democratic state is one of the main reasons the United States appeals to setting up of businesses since the political clima te ensures effective economic legislations, which are essential for business. In effect, the lack of economic uncertainties such as unexpected takeovers due to lack of clear economic policies and legislations is important for business. Despite the creation of an environment whereby there is economic regulation of businesses in the United States, the country is the largest economy in the world in terms of GDP. In effect, it is common knowledge that economic strength translates to a higher per capita income amongst the citizens. Therefore, there is an available market for goods and services a business will produce for since the consumers have a high marginal propensity to purchase and consume. In effect, this feature of the economy of the United States appeals to businesses since the average consumer has a high purchasing power. The contemporary business world witnesses business increasingly committed to reaching global markets. Barkema, Bell, and Pennings (1996) noted, â€Å"Globali zation confers access to foreign markets, cheap labor, and other advantages† (p. 151). Nevertheless, a few firms do not realize the existent of these cultural differences. Nevertheless, businesses that identify cultural barriers will find approaches of dealing with the barriers in order to establish a competitive edge over their competitors. According to Leung, Bhagat, Buchan, Erez, and Gibson (2005), broadly defined as â€Å"values, beliefs, norms, and behavior patterns of a national group,† established cultures have an effect on the business activities and performance of individuals (p. 357). In the American society, one cultural belief that may affect business is the individuality amongst the Americans. According to E. Hall and M. Hall (1990), the American culture's biggest concern is â€Å"their own careers and their personal success than about the welfare of the organization or group† (p. 147). Americans will often come out as individuals who like to â€Å" handle their own problems and chafe at authority† (E. Hall & M. Hall, 1990, p. 148). As a result, this character trait may pose a big challenge to the leadership of a business since they may think that the average American worker was rebellious to the leadership in a firm. On the other hand, individualism, which is one of the most important aspects in the American culture, is a barrier to leadership. In this case, individualism works against teamwork in a business entity. In this case, since success in a business is a team task, the

Case Study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Study - Coursework Example Since they would not have any legal right to make improvements on the catalytic exhausts for the reason that they are not the manufacturers, their proposal can gain momentum if it is opened to public debate whose influence can motivate positive response since it would be a good thing to the environment. However, the main disadvantage would be that the manufacturers may just copy the idea for refinement then refuse to have such changes on their product. (b) Another alternative to patent the idea then licence the product to an existing manufacturer would be the most viable option. One main advantage would be that they would not face much hassles with regards to procurement of an operating licence since they would be partnering with the manufactures of the product hence they would not require a big deal on licensing one main disadvantage would be that they may not be able to enjoy the benefits of their discovery as they maybe sidelined to positions of second or third party by the manufactures. (c) They may set up a company and manufacture and market the product themselves. Well, in the event that they manage to do this, this would be the best option of all since they would have overall responsibility of their product and would be in full control of the whole business. However, the main disadvantage would be that of copy right laws. This would not be their invention hence would need to fulfil the requirements of the law with regards to copyright. 1.2 (i) The main corporate objective goal would be the ability to meet reputable standards in the manufacturing industry. In fact, the main goal would be competence to produce quality products in the market. (ii) The financial strategy would need to take into consideration the injection of operating capital that would enable the organisation to realise some profit as well as the ability to cover the

General description, meaning of the song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

General description, meaning of the song - Essay Example He is reminiscent of the times when he was at loggerheads with his mother and ended up being kicked out of the house but remembers that once he was convicted the mother was the first to visit him in jail. The song takes the listener through the harsh life of living in the streets and the plight that the mothers have to pass through in order to make ends meet for their children. The song is filled with the ‘gangster’ life that the street members used to live in. The song takes one through the experiences that the life in the streets meant for the people that lived the street life day in day out. Although they made ends meet and had a living it took a lot of effort to ensure that they were safe with the gang members constantly being tracked by the police. Tupac however justifies the people that engaged in thug life in the streets asserting that the life was only to ensure that they got some money that they later used to help their families. According to Tupac (41-43) â€Å"I needed money on my own so I started Slangin and I ain’t guilty because even though I sell rocks it feels good putting money in the mailbox† meaning that although he was engaged in different evils while on the streets he was doing it for the good of the family and not for his own benefits and also to pay for his own rent. Tupac reiterates that life in the street s is hard and one has to adapt to make it out there since everyone lives for themselves however he still remembers the huge role that his mother played. The song highlights the plight of different people on the streets especially those that are of age and are wishing to join the different gangs to make it in life. It is an illustration of the hustle of the gang members and the different reasons that leads the people in the society to join the gangs. Poverty and poor living conditions is also clearly identified as a

Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus - Essay Example (Condition: Insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus, 2008) Specifically, in type 1 diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas produce little or no insulin, the hormone that allows glucose to enter body cells. This glucose serves as the source of energy in the body, when this hormone is not produced the cells does not gets adequate energy to perform the activities. When enough insulin is not present, the body is not able to use glucose as source of energy. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy despite high levels in the bloodstream, leading to increased hunger. (Condition: Insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus, 2008) Moreover, the high levels of glucose in the blood lead to more urination in the patient and further also lead to excessive thirst. Not more, within 5-10 years most of the beta cells are destroyed and the body no more produces insulin. (Diabetes, 2005) Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but it usually starts in people younger than 30. Symptoms are usually severe and occur rapidly. The cause of the insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is unknown, but some research shows a viral infection may play a positive role where is causes destruction of f the insulin secreting tissues that often lead to inflammation of the pancreas. It is also reported that there are some genes responsible for causing this disease, but the pattern of inheritance is complicated. The child of a person who has insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is at a greater risk of developing the same type of the disease. But, most of the children affected with IDDM have parents who are not already affected with IDDM. Dietary measures can be used to help control the disease, but it also must be treated with insulin injections. (Condition: Insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus, 2008) The symptoms leading to IDDM develop quickly and very severe. Some of the symptoms are listed below: 1. Frequent Urination; 2. Unusual Thirst; 3. Extreme hunger; 4. Usual weight loss; 5. Extreme fatigue; 6. Irritability; 7. Nausea; 8. Vomiting; 9. Confusion; 10. The smell of the breadth is like acetone. (Condition: Insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus, 2008). If the patients encounter symptoms above then he or she should consult a doctor. The diagnosis that the doctor will perform will be doing a physical exam and some laboratory blood tests. The doctor will also work upon the optimum insulin dosage to treat hyperglycemia (high blood pressure). The dose of the insulin depends on person to person and will vary with period of time. The calorie intake will also be discussed and the amount of insulin will be panned with physical activity that will be required to reduce the blood glucose level and the thus the need of the insulin. (INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS (IDDM). Other tests like urinalnyis, glucose tolerance test, Fasting blood glucose and Glycosylated hemoglobin AIC level can also be performed. If the patient is suffering from any eye problems or any problems that involves problem with vision than operation will also be performed. Other complications might include gangrene and coronary heart disease. (INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS (IDDM). A vitamin D dose of 2000 IU per day is given during the first year of a child's life in Northern Finland because it is believed that there is a reduction of getting Type 1 diabetes latter in life, and the

Free

Free education Essay When Thomas Edison set out to create the light bulb, his intention was to reduce the amount of time that people spent sleeping. His idea was that if people had light to work by they could and would work longer hours. In his mind, sleep was something that was not needed and stood opposed to progress (Coren, 1996). â€Å"Anything which tends to slow work down is a waste. We are always hearing people talk about ‘loss of sleep’ as a calamity. They better call it loss of time, vitality, and opportunity. † -Thomas Edison Even great minds, like Edison’s, can be wrong at times. Some researchers argue that had Edison spent more time sleeping it would not have taken him more than 1000 attempts to create his light bulb. Research has shown that lack of sleep can have adverse effects on an individual’s physical health, mental health, and productivity. The information presented in this paper will address the importance of sleep in human health, safety, and productivity. First, some physical issues attributed to sleep deprivation will be discussed. Next, mental problems linked to lack of sleep with be outlined with documented cases. Lastly, examples of errors and disasters that have been tied to sleep deprivation will be presented. There are many physical issues that are linked to sleep deprivation. Cardiovascular problems and greater risk of death have been tied to lack of sleep. The human body requires sleep to restore and repair itself. When the body does not get the rest it requires the consequences can be quite unfortunate. Poor sleep has been shown to increase the risk of high blood pressure, heart failure, stroke, and heart attack. The human liver produces a protein called â€Å"C-reactive protein† that is used by the body to aid in response to inflammation, injury, or infection and is removed by the body when the inflammation, injury, or infection is gone or heals. This protein binds to damaged cells, as well as some bacteria, to aid in removing them from the body. This allows the body to heal. One study showed that over a period of five days during which a subject was denied sleep, the C-reactive protein builds up in blood at a steady and significant rate. Sleeping allows the body time to process and remove these proteins. An increase of these proteins can at times lead to heart attack, stroke, or high blood pressure (Meier-Ewert , Ridker , Rifai, Regan, Price, Dinges Mullington, 2004). The body is able to restore itself and heal when given between six and eight hours of sleep in a 24-hour period. While a person sleeps the immune system is working to restore and revive the body. When the human body is not granted enough sleep, the immune system is not able to fully complete the task of taking care of and healing the body. Lack of sleep can also cause the number of T-cells to decline in the human body. T-cells aid in immunity and assist other cells in their functions. Lower T-cell levels mean that the body is less able to fight off infection, subdue inflammation, or heal an injury (Mann, 2010). When the body is unable to heal itself, there is greater risk of death. Sleep deprivation can also lead to an increase of stress, which has been linked to heart disease, obesity, depression, gastrointestinal issues, as well as mental heath issues. Allowing the body to rest and rejuvenate during sleep helps ensure that many physical issues associated with the lack of sleep can be avoided. Another way that lack of sleep increases the chance of early death is in traffic accidents. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration gives a conservative estimate that 100,000 reported crashes per year are a result of a fatigued driver (Facts and stats 2012). Mental illness has also been linked to lack of sleep. Issues ranging from poor concentration, inability to focus, memory loss, the appearance of psychosis, and diagnosed mental disorders have been attributed to sleep deprivation. In the past, researchers believed that poor sleep was caused by psychiatric problems. However, recent research is showing that a lack of sleep is usually the catalyst of mental disorders. When the human body needs to concentrate or focus when it has not had enough sleep, it produces hormones adrenaline and cortisol in an attempt to engage and wake itself up. These hormones give the body a short-term boost in energy and they affect the body in much the same way that caffeine does. Once the boost in energy is finished, the body often â€Å"crashes† and a person returns to feeling tired; unable to concentrate or focus again. These hormones, again like caffeine, often make a person feel jittery of jumpy, which may impede concentration and focus. These hormones have also been directly linked to increase stress in the human body (Hart, 1985). Memory loss can also be a result of sleep deprivation. Memories are captured and recalled in the brain by a three-step process. The first step in creating memories is acquisition; where a person has their first experience with what will become the memory. The next is consolidation; which occurs while a person sleeps. In this step a memory becomes stable in a persons brain. Recall, the final step, is the ability to access the memory in the future. When the brain is denied the opportunity to stabilize a memory during sleep, a person is much less likely to retain the memory (Chang, 2011). Studies have also shown that students who study regularly and get a good night sleep before exams generally do better than students who â€Å"cram† the night before. The information that the student needs is better solidified in the brain and is ready for recall when the student needs to access the information (Sifferlin, Augu). Symptoms of psychosis have also been directly tied to sleep deprivation. In at least two documented cases, persons who went without sleep for extended periods of time showed symptoms similar to psychosis. In 1964 Randy Gardner attempted to gain entry into the Guiness Book of Work Records by staying awake for eleven days (264 hours). Gardner suffered a gamut of symptoms. Days two through five found Gardner unable to concentrate, irritable, unwilling to cooperate with others, and hallucinating. During days six through nine Gardner’s speech slowed, his irritability increased, and he began to have lapses in his memory. He often would begin sentences without finishing them and he had difficulty recalling the names of common objects. Paranoia began to set in on day ten. On day eleven, Gardner’s speech was slurred and without intonation. He seemed expressionless and had to be encouraged to talk or respond to someone talking to him (Ross, 1965). A similar story is told of Peter Tripp, a disk jockey from New York. In an effort to raise money for the March of Dimes, Tripp stayed awake for 200 hours. He showed many of the same symptoms that Gardner did. Tripp’s experience with sleep deprivation ended with him mistaking a doctor for an undertaker. He charged out of the room with doctors following close behind. Tripp’s mind could no longer determine what was real and what was not (Ross, 1965). With the aid of doctors, Randy Gardner was able to recover completely from his psychotic episode. He was monitored while he slept and eventually returned to normal sleep patterns and a normal state of mind. Peter Tripp, however, suffered from his self-inflicted psychotic break. For some time after his sleepless stunt he thought that he was an impostor of himself and complained of headaches and emotional instability. Lack of sleep can also affect how people perform at their jobs. Routine and remedial tasks are often affected by a lack of sleep. Simple errors, such as spelling, grammatical, mathematical, or clerical errors are most often made due to a lack of sleep. These errors can either go unnoticed or can be corrected without significant consequence. More significant errors are also attributed to fatigue. Between 50,000 and 100,000 deaths each year are caused by preventable medical errors. Long shifts for doctors, interns, and nurses deny medical professionals sleep required for them to function a high  levels. The nuclear accident at Three Mile Island, the meltdown at Chernobyl, the grounding of the Exxon Valdez, and the explosion of space shuttle Challenger have all been linked to fatigue (Harris, Horne, 2000). â€Å"Sleep deprivation is bad for your brain when you are trying to do high-level [thinking] tasks. It may have serious consequences both on performance and on the way your brain functions. † -J. Christian Gillin, M. D. (DeNoon, 2000) In research and in experience it has been proven that lack of sleep can have adverse effects on an individual’s physical health, mental health, and productivity. An individuals physical health is affected by sleep deprivation by an increased risk of death, cardiovascular problems, and issues with their immune system. A person’s mental health suffers as well from a lack of sleep. Memory loss, inability to concentrate or focus, and even psychotic episodes have been traced to sleep deprivation. Randy Gardner and Peter Tripp are prime examples of what happens to the brain when it goes without sleep. Poor job performance and errors ranging from insignificant to catastrophic have been linked to a lack of sleep. The amount of sleep needed for each individual is different. Where some people are able to function on very little sleep, others need many hours to fully restore and rejuvenate. References Coren, S. (1996). Sleep thieves : an eye-opening exploration into the mystery and science of sleep. New Yok, NY: Free Press Paperbacks. Hart, A. (1985). Adrenaline and stress. United States: W Publishing Group. Meier-Ewert , H. , Ridker , P. , Rifai, N. , Regan, M. , Price, N. , Dinges, D. , Mullington, M. (2004, February 18). Effect of sleep loss on c-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker of cardiovascular risk.. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/14975482. Mann, D. (2010, January 19). Can better sleep mean catching fewer colds?. Retrieved from http://www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/immune-system-lack-of-sleep Harrison Y, Horne J. 2000. The impact of sleep deprivation on decision making: A review. Retrieved from http://healthysleep. med. harvard. edu/healthy/matters/consequences/sleep-performance-and-public-safety Facts and stats. (2012). Retrieved from http://drowsydriving. org/about/facts-and-stats/ Ross, J. (1965). Neurological findings after prolonged sleep deprivation. Arch Neurol, 12, 399-403. Retrieved from http://www. psychiatrictimes. com/print/article/10168/54471? pageNumber=1printable=true Chang, L. (2011, March 18). Sleep deprivation and memory loss. Retrieved from http://www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/guide/sleep-deprivation-effects-on-memory? page=2 DeNoon, D. (2000, February 09). Lack of sleep takes toll on brain power. Retrieved from http://www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/news/20000209/lack-of-sleep-takes-toll-on-brain-power Sifferlin, A. (Augu). Time healthland. Retrieved from http://healthland. time. com/2012/08/21/study-or-sleep-for-better-grades-students-should-go-to-bed-early/ EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION1.