Anthro Exam Notes and Review

Biological Anthropology – can demonstrate: how populations vary (biological variations; hair color, blood type, etc. ) that past populations have evolved that modern human populations are evolving and changing through time. Biological/ Physical Anthropology: Foundations In offs ? recognition of variation, concern over how species came to be. Major research areas: Paleontology's – anthropology concerned with fossil hominids; study of human evolution.Pharmacology – belonging to same taxonomic order as humans; study of vying primates; study of nonhuman primates. Human Variation – to describe and explain biological differences between various human populations. Biological study areas and specializations: Molecular anthropology Astrology (study of skeletons) Paleontology Forensic anthropology 2. Archaeology – the study of the human past through material remains found In the present. Don't do dinosaurs, few do pyramids, and fewer do space aliens. Basic Pr emise of Archeology: Material remains studied were created and deposited in the past, but are studied in the present.Surviving archaeological record is typically a pale reflection of what actually happened in the past. Prehistoric Archeology: 99% of human history is unrecorded before present historic archeology studies. Archeology today: Trash In landfills Is usually a good representation of the state of the economy (poor economy – less trash). August 24. 2012 Applied Anthropology: Work for non-academic clients, such as government agencies, community groups, and businesses. All four sub-disciplines Cultural, Linguistic, Physical (Biological), Archaeology August 27, 2012 Research Ethics: Informed Consent:Especially when performed on human subjects Medical research means the subject must be protected and aware of test What Is Who is sponsoring the research? Who can you call with questions? Personal safety and safety of the subjects Interpretation of data gathered: Mimic categor ies Used by the people interviewed Ethic categories Used by ethnographer Research Process: Formulating research questions Obtaining funding Conducting the research Interpreting the research Publishing the results Subject Position(s) of the Ethnographer(s): Country of origin Region, community Class Race/EthnicityGender/Sexual orientation Age Life experience Social Theories Current at the Time Research Conducted: Interactions that occurred during fieldwork: How the people being represented choose to represent themselves to the ethnographer. How the ethnographer represents him or herself and interprets the interactions then and later. Historical Events: Before and during the research Types of Studies: Community studies Comparative studies Multi-sited (several research areas) Problem-oriented research Longitudinal research Team research Theoretical Trends in Cultural Anthropology: Historical Particularistic:In the United States Franz Boas = father of anthropology in the United States Fo cus on Native Americans Describe cultural artifacts, knowledge Assumption: Indigenous cultures were disappearing in the face of modernity, so anthropologists needed to â€Å"salvage† that knowledge. Another important goal: argued that cultures are very complex and all components off culture matter. Ruth Benedict Margaret Made 0 Patterns of culture, culture and personality Structural Functionalism: Developed in Britain and France What are the functions of structures and how do they make everything work?Theory sakes away from the fact that society can function organically and doesn't address what happens if the society is not functioning properly or is malfunctioning. Influenced a lot of ideas about religion and society. Bronchial Mammalians Polish, taught in Britain Credited as the person who came up with doing extensive field research for a year (living in the culture). Developed out of fieldwork that it is not enough to tell the natives to come up to the house and do intervi ews, but you must live with the people of a village and see what happens on a day-to-day basis to really understand the society.A. R. Radcliff-Brown Research in Africa Claude Levi-Strauss French Took Structural Functionalism and worked it with the mind Cultural Evolution and Cultural Ecology: Concerns: Adaptations to environments Historical Ecology says you cannot assume that things are organically created but you must consider people of the past. Leslie White, Julian Steward, etc. Political Economy: Concerns: Power relations and social inequalities Pay attention to the relationships and power differences within a particular society or culture. Stresses social inequalities based on class Influenced by the Marxist theoryCultural Interpretation and Reflexive Ethnographers: Reflections about power relations involved in ethnographic research and writing. In particular, reflections about the role of the ethnographer in conducting and writing up the research. Questions scientific claims t o objectivity and truth. The idea that you must be someone from outside of the culture to analyze the culture because you will be more objective was questioned because what about the language or the subtle aspects of the culture that an outsider could not understand. Situates ethnography in history versus â€Å"ethnographic present† which made impersonations about groups.Early ethnographers were written in present tense. Present tense had a tendency to represent the cultures as unchanging. August 29, 2012 Paul Arabian (1977): 1968 0 12 years after Morocco had achieved independence from France Arabians Subject Position Research Process Richard Abraham (taught Arabian Arabic; Arabian saw Abraham as a friend) All Meeker Milk Post Modern, Post-colonial Feminist, Diaspora Studies, etc. Changes in the forms of modern society Accounts for disparities among countries and the historical legacies of European colonialism.Accounts for inequalities based on sex, gender, and race-ethnicity that were not sufficiently counted for by political economy's. Tong: Cathy A. Small (1997): Voyages: from Tong Villages to American Suburbs History Smalls subject position Research process Key cultural consultants Other research methods Self-Reflexive Ethnography US Immigration Policy: 1796 0 Free White Persons (men) ASSES O Slavery ends 1824/1924 0 National Origin Quota – Laws 1965 0 Immigration and Nationality Act 1986 0 Immigration Reform and Control Act Legal Permanent Residency: Family Reunification 2005: of 1. Lion Skilled workers Investors Random lottery 2000: 8 million applicants 1 10,000 selected 178 Tongs Refugees/political asylum cases Remittances is the money immigrants send back. Material wealth important for some aspects of life in Tong. Tong: History 1500 B. C 0 Polynesians come to settle 875 0 Stratified Chiefdom Low chiefs Specialists Commoner farmers 1150 0 ‘Lounge' Tu† Tong capital 1 575 0 4-tiered tomb September 5 Tong: Kava Drinking Ceremonie s – people were arranged and served by their social status; typically women do the serving to men. Religion: ‘Original' godsHouse's (Supreme god) Loyola (rain, wind, agriculture, harvest) Maim (holding up the islands) 5 sea gods; god for craftsmen At least 300 gods ‘Soul' gods ‘Mischievous' gods Celebrations: Community celebrations and exchanges Ceremonial wealth (kola) Tap cloths and mats; baskets of food Blankets, cash, etc. Weddings and funerals First birthday, 21st birthday Tautology Special dance performed by women; could be difficult learn Kinship and Raising Children: The Tong way (nag factions) Respect (including tapes) Children could not touch top of father's head Exchanges, obligations (gave)Outside/inside Expectation that cooking is outside of house and eating is separated from cooking. Kinship and Households: Father = head; disciplinarian Brothers, sisters Relationship becomes a lot more formal after puberty. Eldest brother, eldest sister High ex pectations; must fulfill roles if a death occurs. Eldest son's futuristic privilege is that they inherit the land. Father's sister Could have the children if she wanted; very important role.Mother's family Adoption Contact with Europeans: 1616, 1643 0 Dutch explorers asses 0 Captain James Cook (British) 1797 0 London Mission Society (Boson) sass 0 Cargo ships, Whalers asses 0 Wesleyan Methodist missionaries; Wars of Succession/Civil Wars and conflicts between chiefs 1834 0 Rising Chief converts 1845 0 Becomes King George I 1875 0 Some chiefs, land, taxes, etc. 1900 0 British Protectorate 1954 0 Independence Mourning period for a kings death is 10 days. Businesses are expected to be closed during the mourning period.With the last kings death the mourning period was deck September 10 Culture At least ‘365' different definitions â€Å"Complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any there capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of so ciety' (Taylor 1871). Going to be a member of a specific society Characteristics of Culture: Learned Keeping 2-3 feet of space between you and someone you don't know intimately was never a taught thing, but is learned implicitly by observation.Systems of Symbolic Meanings Religious symbols (I. E. A cross) entail a lot of meaning people. Culture teaches us how to express biological or natural ‘urges' in particular ways. What, when, and how to eat All-encompassing In other words, not restricted to ‘high culture, fine arts, great literature, etc. All that relates to everyday life. Integrated Different aspects of culture are interrelated, patterned systems. Social scientists focus a lot of attention on trying to determine various patterns and relationships.Changes in one aspect of culture usually entail changes in other aspects. Example: increasing numbers of women in the U. S working outside the home from the asses on. People use culture actively and creatively. Culture as a ‘process' vs.. A thing. Once you start thinking of culture as a process, change can take place. Various forms of knowledge and practice Culture can be adaptive or maladaptive with respect to the (natural and/or cultural) People raised with certain rules and norms, BUT Rules and norms vary according to subject positions of individuals.Gender, age, etc. They are subject to interpretation. They can be contested and changed. There are struggles within cultures (and among different groups of people) over the meanings of symbols, ideas, values, and practices. Ideals: what people say they do or should do. Practices observed by members of that society (as well as anthropologists). Levels of Many cultures have origins before nation-states were ever created. However, today: International or transnational cultures Spread of global capitalism, commercialism.Many struggles over values and meanings. National cultures Subcultures (within nations) I. E. The South in the U. S. Has several di stinguishing factors. Region, ethnicity, language, class, religion, age, etc. Cultural Relativism Practices in one culture should not be Judged by the standards of another culture. Vs.. Ethnocentrism, Human Rights, Cultural Rights Analyzing Cultures Universities You must eat, you must sleep, etc. Generalities Common in many different cultures ParticularitiesSeptember 12 Rites of Passage Separation, Limitability, Incorporation Collective Limitability Community spirit, solidarity, effervescence (some) social hierarchies are temporarily suspended. Equivalent of Carnival in Brazil is Marci Grass in the United States. Religion Beliefs and rituals concerned with supernatural beings, forces, and powers (Wallace 1966: 5 cited in Cotta). Rituals Formal, stylized, repetitive, stereotyped, practices usually performed in special places at set times. Social acts, typically with groups; participation, versus audience, religious/secular Functions of ReligionPersonal or group transformations Throug h rituals and rites of passage Create a sense of group unity Through shared practices (rituals and rites) Explain the mysterious Reduce anxiety, offer hope Help people cope with adversity Joy, fear, etc. Reduce or create anxiety Control nature and/or social worlds Achieve specific aims Provide moral codes (or values) Guide practices and beliefs Produce regret, guilt, shame Produce the need for forgiveness Capote's in Southern Mexico and live in Cacao and use the economic system of Slaughter to fund economic practices.

Cultural Insularity

River Faller developed near the Indus river In the middle east Mesopotamia= developed between the Tells and Euphrates River Elms and Chapin= both help develop the Mayans and the Incas Empire Pastoralist: Primarily the tending of animals= provided food and hides provided clothes and shelter â€Å"Nomads†= herding the animals from one place to another Helped spread ideas= would trade with nearby civilizations/settlements The Peopling of the Earth: Europe= one of the beginning areas to start populating Asia= the next area to be populatedSouth & Central America= the final area to be peopled through the Bearing land bridge Art: Venus Figurines- used for the worshipping of women: belief In fertility oracle Bones- where questions were written on them in which they were used to receive answers from deities in Sang dynasty Code of Hamburg= law codes to help control civilians in Mesopotamia Other Names: NONE Accurate time span: 500 B. C. E to ACE Top five Monotheistic religion a. Judais m- Major In the Mediterranean; Jesus was Jewish, Jesus† dad was god, therefore they worshipped god. They worshipped one god. A god. THE god.Yaw b. Zoroastrian – Major in The Persian Empire. It was a quasi monotheistic religion, however, there were other gods that they believed had a little amount of power that are bad. But they mostly worshiped ONE god. C. Christianity – Major in the Roman Empire, it persisted in Roman empire despite resistance by Romans Empires Roman- large empire with borders which stretch across different ethnicities/beliefs. Han- attempted centralized gobo with heavy dependency on silk road. Collapsed due to the inability to prevent the development of factions in government in court that reverted a centralized gobo.Persia- state organized in satrapies, religiously tolerant (Cyrus the Great). Great transportation and communication Murrain- fighting BTW regional kingdoms,united by Marry dynasty(Osaka) Guppy-After the Marry,fell to white Hung,re gional governors Long distance trade Silk Road- Located in East Asia traded spices, porcelain and other goods along trade routes Indian Ocean Basin- Connected all of the Mediterranean countries with India and South East Asia Trans- Sahara Trade- connected all of the Sahara AfricaPersian Royal roads and post office Prone to governmental decline Patriarchal society China -footslogging in China- showed the female dependency on men Confucius roles of women: India -Inhabitant, Ramadan: portrayed women as weak-willed and emotional; exalted women who served their husbands devotedly Rome – Pater Familial: roman law that invested authority in the head of the household. Constantinople -Women withdrawn from public festivities; fear of compromise of honor Islamic Empire – Women increasingly covered; couldn't leave house without male attendant of the family.An Age of Cross Cultural Interaction Post Classical Era Time pennon: 600 CE to 1450 -rope 5 List: BOB trade systems Spread tec hnology such as gunpowder, paper and the printing press Allowed the formation of economies based mostly on trade, instead of agriculture Spread cultural traditions such as Islam, Buddhism and Christianity Byzantium Schism- Roman Catholic/Eastern Orthodox Constantinople: major center of trade and silk production Suffered the fate of most empires: got too big and eventually disintegrated Islam Started in Arabia spread to Mesopotamia, Africa, Mediterranean.Muslim Merchants/ Suffix spread Islam all over the world reaching lands such as India, Anatolia Mongols Pox Mongolia: After their conquests were over, they integrated the world into a single empire and encouraged trade so that cultural interaction spread exponentially. Because of their culturally integrated empire and the peace they spread, the Bubonic plague spread quickly and was drastic towards the world's population Emphasized religious tolerance Cultural Flourishing Renaissance: in Western Europe, a period of cultural flourishin g and revival of Greece-Roman tradition Islam: a boom in artwork, medicine, mathematics, humanities, science and logic as well as the translation of Greek literature/philosophy Tang Golden Age Early Modern Era Other Name: The Origins of Global Interdependence Accurate time-span: 1500-1800 1 . Religious Controversy – Protestant/ Catholic Reformations – Schism in Russian church – Spanish Inquisition 2. Scientific Revolution/ Enlightenment – New ideas on the interpretation of the world- Galileo, Isaac Newton – Adam Smith's introduction of capitalism – Theory of Progress 3.Nations becoming closed off to outside influences (Cultural Insularity) – Borrowed technology, but weren't open to political or cultural influences – Only exception is Russia; westernizes under Peter & Catherine the Great – Ottomans, Japan 4. State Building – Unification of Japan under Outgas Baku – Europeans attempt to revive the Carolingian empire with the Holy Roman Empire – Islamic Empires– Ottomans, Savvied & Mussels 5. Trans-oceanic voyages – James Cook exploration of New Zealand, Australia & Hawaii – Christopher Columbus – Columbian Exchange

The psychological impact of disney animated films on young children Research Paper

The psychological impact of disney animated films on young children - Research Paper Example This is the reason why most children, with special permission from their parents, to end up with Disney animated films. As observed, Disney films, especially the one that has been recently published by Disney like â€Å"Frozen†, has remarkably gained a wide audience in all walks of life in almost all parts of the world, but primarily children. However, beyond the know-how of many people, there are relevant studies that try to expose the idea that Disney films or cartoons like â€Å"Frozen†, â€Å"Pocahontas†, â€Å"Cinderella† are creating psychological impacts on young children. There are hidden messages in various Disney films that many people are unaware of, but they are truly affecting the actual learning process of a child, both positively and negatively. Good thing for the positive side, but the reason why Disney films create, at some point, a negative psychological impacts on young children is due to their ability to affect the actual learning process taking place in a physically, emotionally and psychologically developing child or generally children in all walks of life, who of course, are specifically exposed to Disney films. Study shows that the media can be a powerful teacher of children, and so they have potential impact on the attitudes and behaviours of young people as they grow mature in life (Strasburger, Jordan and Donnerstein 533). In this study, it is evident that children are found to be affected by the media when it comes to the development of their attitudes and behaviors. This can start as possibly young as they are because as found, educational materials broadcasted on the media can improve children’s social, emotional and cognitive well-being (Calvert and Kotler 275). Mostly, the exposure of the children in the media started at home, as it started when they were young, as part of their parents’ strong prerogative. By tuning in to their favorite

Survival of the fittest Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Survival of the fittest - Coursework Example For example, negative behaviors like violence and murder are rare, though scarcely present in the society. On the other hand, social aberration of negative acts like murder and violence are mainstream values (Alvaro, 2010). In this context, the mainstream adoption of positive behavioral habits over negative habits is synonymous to survival of fittest and desirable genets in Darwin’s mechanism of natural selection. In the context of ethics, the mechanism of survival for the fittest can be used to comprehend survival strategies employed by individuals and groups in the society. Primarily, the survival for the fittest mechanism asserts that like all animals, human beings included, compete against each other for survival and prosperity. Therefore, human strategies for survival and prosperity are inherently selfish in nature (Phillips, 2002). Under the right circumstances, every individual is innately programmed to act in a manner likely to preserve him or herself. In modern societies, material wealth is a tangible measure of personal prosperity. Since individuals are highly likely to selfishly pursue activities that maximize their material wealth, then one can easily understand the origins of deeply rooted vices like corruption in public and private organization. Like other governments, United States struggled and still struggles with corruption in public institutions. Actually, politicians and any individual in a correct position can, and will probably siphon as much public wealth as possible, so long as their actions are either conducted in secret, or are within the legal boundaries (Pepin, 2013). Therefore, corruption and other unethical behaviors executed by individuals or groups are manifestation of selfish desired meant to preserve and enhance one’s survival in a competitive environment. However, survival for the fittest can be used to understand the popular aspect of

Californiaand the initiative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Californiaand the initiative - Essay Example Moreover, this era advocated for scientific approaches to decision making as well as medical and engineering solutions. During this period, major reforms were carried out in public education, finance, insurance, medicine, industry, railroads, churches, local government, and many other areas. In order for the people to achieve their objective, various processes were taken into consideration, which gave the need for direct democracy. Direct democracy is a form of democracy that allows people to vote on certain policies directly without engaging their representatives. This process entails passing decisions on various subjects mainly on executive decisions, and formulating new laws directly without consulting the Congress. There are two forms of democracy known as  participatory democracy or  deliberative democracy. California is one of the first states to implement and use direct democracy. However, many countries in the world use representative democracy whereby they are represented by the Congress or the House of Commons. In direct democracy, it does not replace but instead, it complements the Congress form of democracy. It only allows the popular and most important decision as to be decided by the public through processes such as the referendum. However, the Congress, government, and local administration make most of the other decisions. Moreover, direct democracy gives independence to the judiciary and th e executive arms of the government. It is based on the realistic option that the people are the best suited to handle the situations affecting them. It I s based on delegation and not direct representation. In this case, delegates are elected to make decisions on certain subject matter and cannot change previous decisions made by an assembly of the people. However, the delegates themselves can be immediately recalled by their electorate

Hegels Interpretation on Universal Love Research Paper

Hegels Interpretation on Universal Love - Research Paper Example The fragment starts with the author’s reasoning on equality. These contemplations of the equality of man in front of the Lord must have been aroused in Hegel by the events and ideas of the French revolution. In this fragment, Hegel states that the equality of right brings on the dependence of people. As a result, the man loses his domination over objects, and thus he loses his worth, whereas humans are used to measuring their worth by the degree of their influence over the objective world. Feeling himself only a tiny part of the universe, the man starts despising himself, thus injuring his self and coming to ever greater discord. Whereas â€Å"the object, severed from the subject, is dead†, the only kind of love he can experience towards Lord and the universe is the love to the dead objects. The living union between the man and the world is not possible, while love towards the dead object is unrequited. The individual finds himself opposed to the external world, entirely independent of it. The man loses the sense of life and does not see the essence of his existence. These passages, in fact, describe the state of many modern people. We spend our lives attempting to overcome our loneliness and seeking help outside, we are not able to bear responsibility for our acts. Feeling detached from the external world we doom ourselves for a constant struggle with the opposed world, which often seems to be hostile to us. Not realizing that we are the part of the universe, just as our arms and legs are parts of our body, we are not able to hear the voice of God in us and understand his intentions. We lose ourselves following the wrong teachings and ideals, and only love has the power to make us whole, able to understand the divine plans and feel the way the universe moves. Hegel explains that it is so difficult for the man to bear this nullity, while our necessity is always relative, â€Å"the one exists only for the other† (p.304).

The study and history of Electroconvulsive therapy and how it has Essay

The study and history of Electroconvulsive therapy and how it has changed over the years (its present,past and future) and it sh - Essay Example ECT is a highly technical procedure requiring a team that consists of an anaesthetist, a psychiatrist, psychiatric nurses and recovery nurses. Doing a study on how ECT has changed over the years has given me an insight of how the use of ECT in the treatment of mental health illness has changed over the years. Undergoing this study has also enabled me to implement an important role in caring for patient who receive ECT, especially in the areas of pre- and post-treatment care. Mental health nursing care for the ECT patient has evolved from a traditional supportive and adjunctive practice to the current practice of independent and collaborative nursing actions. The nurse’s multifaceted role in ECT is enacted by providing education and support, performing pre-treatment assessments, monitoring the procedure, observing and interpreting post-treatment patient responses, and this study has helped me understand how I fit into that role. Electroconvulsive therapy is considered one of th e more effective methods for the treatment of persistent depression that has proven resistant to treatment with medication or psychotherapy. The method even has an extremely high rate of success, reportedly between fifty up to ninety percent, when ECT is used as an initial treatment for severe cases of index depression, a major depressive episode that presents with a specific start date and normal mood before that date. If used for schizophrenia, ECT is usually combined with pharmaceutical treatments as well. When used together in this manner, the treatment is shown to reduce the risks of future relapse, more so than treatment with the medication alone (Taylor 2007). Mechanism of Treatment and Treatment Activities Electroconvulsive therapy treats psychiatric disorders through the induction of generalized seizure activity in the brain, and some have suggested that the seizure activity alone is the mechanism of treatment (Bolwig 2011). However, despite the years of experience with the treatment in the medical community and just as many years of research, the exact reasons for its success are still unclear (Madsen et al 1999). Many possible reasons for it have been suggested. One possible suggestion for the mechanism of the treatment has been that it may induce neurogenesis (Madsen et al 1999). Neurogenesis is the growth of new neural cells, but only recently has it been discovered that such new neurons can grow in the adult human brain throughout life. Adult neurogenesis has been suggested as a method to treat neurological and psychological disorders, as part of or separate from ECT (Eisch & Nestler 2002). ECT has also been found to increase synaptic activity in the brain as well as forming these new neurons and neural connections, another possibility for its mechanism (Bolwig 2011). Another suggestion for mechanism is based on its efficacy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Patients who are treated for major depressive disorder with ECT are found to have elevated levels of pancreatic polypeptide after successful treatment, which is known to be secreted after activation of the vagal nerve complex. Researchers have used these findings to conclude that vagal nerve stimulation may be the responsible mechanism for electroconvulsive therapy, at least for those patients being treated for depressive disorders (Bar et al. 2010). During electroconvulsive therapy, the patient is put under general anaesthesia and pharmacologically

Human Resource Management Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Resource Management Analysis - Case Study Example The company needs to work with HR department in implementing changes that will see the company restructure and hence remain relevant in the market. There is need to establish a new communication protocols, enrol the employees to unions and review the penalties given to employees who violate the company policies. PAC Resources Inc. seems to be having major problems as an organization in all its departments. The Human Resource department specifically needs allot to be done in order to bring change to the organization. The HR has not been consistent in its operations with reports of favors and employee manipulation and harassment being reported. The HR has also discouraged its employees from joining any union working with the non-union policy which violates the rights of the employees to join unions and organizations. According to Mikis (2005) as a way of encouraging employees to grow and improve themselves, every company has a mandate to give them a chance to join societies and unions which help in improving their working conditions. The companys disciplinary policy does not have a clear guideline on the consequences and penalties on employees who violate company policies. This has left some of the senior management officers free and immune to any penalties. The use of the open-door policy has its advantages but it is only effective in the departmental level other than the whole organization. PAC Resources Inc encourages all its employees to feel free to enter any office or make contact to the senior level managers without following any protocol. This creates room for disorder within the organization. According to DelPo & Guerin (2013) open door policy can be a challenge to any management as it undermines some of the team leaders and exclusivity of company information. From the email conversations, junior staff has been sending emails trying to get senior

Is it safe to use cell phone while driving Essay

Is it safe to use cell phone while driving - Essay Example The issue on the use of cell phones while driving has been controversial since people has different stands on the issue. Using of cell phones while driving has been made illegal in many countries even with varying reactions on the issue. This is after considering the number of accidents caused by drivers on cell phones while driving. Is it safe to use cell phones while driving? This paper will analyze different texts on their position on this issue. The essay shall focus on whether accidents have reduced after sensitization or not. The text will also include evidence from the analyzed articles on the effects of driving while on a cell phone. The article by Rosenbloom supports and the same time criticizes the use of cells while driving. The article highlights a study conducted on twenty three drivers on their effects on speed while using a cell phone (Rosenbloom 207). The study was conducted on 10 minutes into driving while using a cell phone and ten minutes while not using the cell phone. In an argument by Rosenbloom, drivers who engaged in short phone calls did not change their driving speed (207). However, drivers who took long on their cells, over 16 minutes, increased their driving speed (Rosenbloom, 207). The article asserts that other factors such as time spent on phone should be considered when citing the dangers of using cells while driving. In an argument by Constandache, Choudhury & Rhee it is possible to provide a driver with location as they drive through their phones (1). Comparing this article to the question on the safety of mobile use while driving, it is an obvious assumption the author believe in its safety since a driver will be well directed. Constandache, Choudhury & Rhee suggested the use of CompAcc as a way in which a driver could use their phones as a safety measure while driving in an unknown location (9). The authors tend to assert that driving in an unknown

States Pursuing Empires Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

States Pursuing Empires - Essay Example political control by some political societies over the effective sovereignty of other political societies and that it can be achieved by force, by political collaboration, by economic, social or cultural dependence. (19) There are numerous reasons why states pursue empire-building. Economic motives however is the most applicable among these. The case of Western Europe, for instance, highlights this with the intensified political, economic, and military competition among rivals for resources, which by nature were scarce at any given time in any given place. (Deng 1999, p. 207) Here, European states and chartered companies such as the British East India Company and the Portuguese Estado da India, among others, sought new sources of wealth, which resulted to the sudden unleashing of market power, the spectacular growth in trade and the continuous expansion of overseas colonies. In addition, a number of great thinkers endorse empire-building as a means defending a country’s economic and political interests. Notoriously, even Karl Marx agreed in The Communist Manifesto that the gun is the best way to make the point when capitalism encountered â€Å"barbarians†. (Marx & Engels 1963) Machiavelli’s notion of necessita in his Discourse, also fundamentally supports empire building or the expansion of territories as necessary once its dominion had been extended beyond a certain scope. For him, it is important to expand – so much so that, as is well known, Machiavelli measures the quality of different possible constitutions for cities by how suitable they are to this end. (Bock, Skinner & Viroli 1990, 37) In his discussion of the Roman Empire, Machiavelli has argued that expansive government is pushed forward by the dialectic of the social and political forces of the Republic. There are those who criticize empire building including its modern version – imperialism. Hobson, for example, in Imperialism: A Study, wrote that empire-building denies many traditional

Metacognition knowledge and academic achievement of university students Essay Example for Free

Metacognition knowledge and academic achievement of university students Essay In general, metacognition is thinking about thinking. More specifically, Taylor (1999) defines metacognition as â€Å"an appreciation of what one already knows, together with a correct apprehension of the learning task and what knowledge and skills it requires, combined with the agility to make correct inferences about how to apply one’s strategic knowledge to a particular situation, and to do so efficiently and reliably. † The more students are aware of their thinking processes as they learn, the more they can control such matters as goals, dispositions, and attention. Self-awareness promotes self-regulation. If students are aware of how committed (or uncommitted) they are to reaching goals, of how strong (or weak) is their disposition to persist, and of how focused (or wandering) is their attention to a thinking or writing task, they can regulate their commitment, disposition, and attention. To increase their metacognitive abilities, students need to possess three kinds of content knowledge: declarative, procedural, and conditional. Declarative knowledge is the factual information that one knows; it can be declared—spoken or written. Procedural knowledge is knowledge of how to do something, of how to perform the steps in a process. Conditional knowledge is knowledge about when to use a procedure, skill, or strategy and when not to use it; why a procedure works and under what conditions; and why one procedure is better than another. Metacognition affects motivation because it affects attribution and self-efficacy. When students get results on tests and grades on assignments (especially unexpected results such as failures), they perform a mental causal search to explain to themselves why the results happened. When they achieve good results, students tend to attribute the result to two internal factors: their own ability and effort. When they fail, they might attribute the cause to these same internal factors or they might, in a self-protective rationalization, distance themselves from a sense of personal failure by blaming external causes, such as an overly difficult task, an instructor’s perverse testing habits, or bad luck. This tendency to attribute success to ability and effort promotes future success because it develops confidence in one’s ability to solve future unfamiliar and challenging tasks. The converse is also true. Attributing failure to a lack of ability reduces self-confidence and reduces the student’s summoning of intellectual and emotional abilities to the next challenging tasks; attribution theory also explains why such students will be unwilling to seek help from tutors and other support services: they believe it would not be worth their effort. In addition to blaming failure on external causes, underachievers often â€Å"self-handicap† themselves by deliberately putting little effort into an academic task; they thereby protect themselves from attributing their failure to a painful lack of ability by attributing their failure to lack of effort. The tasks that students need to perform vary not only among disciplines but among instructors in the same discipline. An effective strategy for preparing for a multiple choice test in biology is different from what is needed to prepare for a history exam with an essay that asks students to synthesize information from several chapters. Yet students often employ the same strategy—and sometimes the least effective strategy—for studying for very different kinds of tests. Furthermore, many students who perform badly misinterpret the tasks. Students need to understand the task accurately in order to use the most effective strategies. Research Question: The basic aim of the study was to identify the relationship between meta-cognitive knowledge and academic achievement of university students. Methods: To analysis and interpretation of data and Survey was planned to collect data from University of education (UE) and Govt. College University Lahore (GCU). Twenty five (25) students were collected of UE and Twenty five (25) students from GCU randomly. Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) was used to measure meta-cognitive knowledge. This inventory consisted of six components i. e. Planning, monitoring, evaluation, declarative knowledge, conditional knowledge and procedural knowledge but researcher selected three components i. e. declarative knowledge, conditional knowledge, and procedural knowledge. Responses were collected on three point scale i. e. Yes, no and to some extent. Scores of these components were used to compare Metacognitive knowledge of UE and GCU students. Analysis of data was presented in the form of Tables. Null hypothesis: There is no difference b/w the metacognition knowledge and academic achievement of students. Alternative hypothesis: There is difference b/w the metacognition knowledge and academic achievement of students. Ho: ? 1 = ? 2 Ha: ? 1 ? ?2 Table 1. 1 Comparison of mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive knowledge (Declarative Knowledge) by Independent samples t-test. University of Education (n=25) Govt. College University (n=25) t-value Mean SD Mean SD 6. 21 1. 63 6. 52 1. 23 .749 The result of independent samples t-test was conducted to compare mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive Knowledge (Declarative Knowledge). The value of t (48) = . 749 is not significant at ? =0. 05. This means that mean scores of UE students and means score of GCU students are not different on component of Meta cognitive Knowledge (Declarative Knowledge). Fig 1. 1 Bar chart shows comparison of mean scores of UE students and means score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive knowledge (Declarative Knowledge). Table 1. 2 Comparison of mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive knowledge (Conditional Knowledge) by Independent samples t-test. University of Education (n=25) Govt. College University (n=25) t-value Mean SD Mean SD 2. 98 .87 3. 10 1. 08 .430 Table 1. 2 shows the result of independent samples t-test. Independent samples t-test was conducted to compare mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive Knowledge (Conditional Knowledge). The value of t (48) = . 430 is not significant at ? =0. 05. This means that mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students are not different on component of Meta cognitive Knowledge (Conditional Knowledge). Fig 1. 2 Bar chart shows comparison of mean scores of UE students and means score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive knowledge (Declarative Knowledge). Table 1. 3 Comparison of mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive awareness (Procedural Knowledge) by Independent samples t-test. University of Education (n=25) Govt. College University (n=25) t-value Mean SD Mean SD 4. 16 1. 01 3. 76 1. 109 1. 328 Table 1. 3 shows the result of independent samples t-test. Independent samples t-test was conducted to compare mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive Knowledge (Procedural Knowledge). The value of t (48) = 1. 328 is not significant at ? =0. 05. This means that means scores of UE students and means score of GCU students are same on component of Meta cognitive Knowledge (Procedural Knowledge). Fig 1. 3 Bar chart shows comparison of mean scores of UE students and means score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive knowledge (Declarative Knowledge). Table 1. 4 Comparison of mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive knowledge by Independent samples t-test University of Education (n=25) Govt. College University (n=25) t-value Mean SD Mean SD 13. 38 2. 83 13. 30 2. 60 .104 Table 1. 4 shows the result of independent samples t-test. Independent samples t-test was conducted to compare mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive by Independent samples t-test. The value of t (48) = . 104 is not significant at ? =0. 05. This means that mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students are same on component of Meta cognitive by Independent samples t-test. Fig 1. 4 Bar chart shows comparison of mean scores of UE students and means score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive knowledge (Declarative Knowledge). Table 1. 5 Comparison of mean scores of academic achievement and Meta cognitive knowledge of both universities student’s by Independent samples t-test UE GCU Low Achiever (n=25) High Achiever (n=25) t-value Mean SD Mean SD Declarative knowledge 5. 08 1. 49 7. 33 0. 78 4. 64 Procedural Knowledge 2. 46 0. 72 3. 46 0. 72 3. 48 Conditional Knowledge 3. 50 1. 07 4. 77 0. 44 4. 0 Meta-cognitive knowledge 11. 04 2. 18 15. 54 1. 09 6. 6 Table 1. 5 shows the result of independent samples t-test. Independent samples t-test was conducted to compare mean scores of academic achievement and Meta cognitive knowledge of both universities student’s by Independent samples t-test. These results show that mean scores of Metacognitive knowledge and academic achievement of both universities student’s are different. Procedure: To fulfill the above mentioned purpose instrumentation, data collection methods and procedures for analysis of data were used. The study was descriptive in nature as it addressed the prevailing situation of using meta-cognitive knowledge in daily life by students. The target population for this study was the students of UE and GCU Lahore. The researcher selected sample by using convenient sampling technique from the students of UE and GCU Lahore. Fifteen items wee included in the questionnaire taken from meta-cognitive awareness inventory. After the selection of sample and development of the questionnaire, the questionnaires were distributed. The questionnaire was administered personally by the respondent and filled questionnaire collected back. The return rate of the questionnaire was 100% due to personal administration. To analyze the data means standard deviations, independent sample t. test, was calculated. Results: 1. The mean score of Meta-cognitive knowledge (declarative knowledge) of University of Education are same from mean score of Govt. College University. Because the value of t is not significant at ? =0. 05. 2. The mean score of Meta-cognitive knowledge (conditional knowledge) of University of Education are same from mean score of Govt. College University. Because the value of t is not significant at ? =0. 05. 3. The mean score of Meta-cognitive knowledge (procedural knowledge) of (UE) are same from mean score of (GCU) because the value of t is not significant at ? =0. 05. 4. The mean score of Meta cognitive Knowledge and mean score of academic achievement are different among both universities. Because the value of t is significant at ? =0. 05.

Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs Philosophy Essay

Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs Philosophy Essay Human needs are an important part of human nature. Values, beliefs, and customs differ from country to country and group to group, but all people have similar needs. As a leader you must understand these needs because they are powerful motivators. Abraham Maslow felt that human needs were arranged in a hierarchical order (Maslow, 1954). He based his theory on healthy, creative people who used all their talents, potential, and capabilities. At the time, this methodology differed from most other psychology research studies in that they were based on observing disturbed people. There are two major groups of human needs: basic needs and meta needs. Basic needs are physiological, such as food, water, and sleep; and psychological, such as affection, security, and self-esteem. These basic needs are also called deficiency needs because if they are not met by an individual, then that person will strive to make up the deficiency. The higher needs are called meta needs or being needs (growth needs). These include justice, goodness, beauty, order, unity, etc. Basic needs normally take priority over growth needs. For example, a person who lacks food or water will not normally attend to justice or beauty needs. These needs are listed below in hierarchical order. The basic needs on the bottom of the list (1 to 4) must normally be met before the meta or being needs above them can be met. The four meta needs (5 to 8) can be pursued in any order, depending upon a persons wants or circumstances, as long as the basic needs have all been met. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs 8. Self-transcendence a transegoic (see Note below) level that emphasizes visionary intuition, altruism, and unity consciousness. 7. Self-actualization know exactly who you are, where you are going, and what you want to accomplish. A state of well-being. 6. Aesthetic at peace, more curious about inner workings of all. 5. Cognitive learning for learning alone, contribute knowledge. 4. Esteem feeling of moving up in world, recognition, few doubts about self. 3. Belongingness and love belong to a group, close friends to confide with. 2. Safety feel free from immediate danger. 1. Physiological food, water, shelter, sex. Maslow posited that people want and are forever striving to meet various goals. Because the lower level needs are more immediate and urgent, then they come into play as the source and direction of a persons goal if they are not satisfied,. A need higher in the hierarchy will become a motive of behavior as long as the needs below it have been satisfied. Unsatisfied lower needs will dominate unsatisfied higher needs and must be satisfied before the person can climb up the hierarchy. Knowing where a person is located on this scale aids in determining an effective motivator. For example, motivating a middle-class person (who is in range 4 of the hierarchy) with a certificate will have a far greater impact than using the same motivator to effect a minimum wage person from the ghetto who is desperately struggling to meet the first couple of needs. It should be noted that almost no one stays in one particular hierarchy for an extended period. We constantly strive to move up, while at the same time various forces outside our control try to push us down. Those on top get pushed down for short time periods, i.e., death of a loved-one or an idea that does not work, while those on the bottom get pushed up, i.e., come across a small prize. Our goal as leaders therefor is to help people obtain the skills and knowledge that will push them up the hierarchy on a more permanent basis. People who have their basic needs met become much better workers as they are able to concentrate on fulfilling the visions put forth to them, rather than consistently struggling to make ends meet. Characteristics of self-actualizing people: Have better perceptions of reality and are comfortable with it. Accept themselves and their own natures. Lack of artificiality. They focus on problems outside themselves and are concerned with basic issues and eternal questions. They like privacy and tend to be detached. Rely on their own development and continued growth. Appreciate the basic pleasures of life (e.g., do not take blessings for granted). Have a deep feeling of kinship with others. Are deeply democratic and are not really aware of differences. Have strong ethical and moral standards. Are original, inventive, less constricted and fresher than others Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Leadership To put Maslows theory into perspective with leadership, a short (less than 3 minutes) audio MP3 file is included: Maslow and leadership. Transegoic Transegoic means a higher, psychic, or spiritual state of development. The trans is related to transcendence, while the ego is based on Freuds work. We go from preEGOic levels to EGOic levels to transEGOic. The EGO in all three terms are used in the Jungian sense of consciousness as opposed to the unconscious. Ego equates with the personality. In Maslows model, the ultimate goal of life is self-actualization, which is almost never fully attained but rather is something to always strive towards. Peak experiences are temporary self-actualizations. Maslow later theorized that this level does not stop, it goes on to self-transcendence, which carries us to the spiritual level, e.g.. Gandhi, Mother Theresa, Dalai Lamao, or even poets, such as Robert Frost. Maslows self-transcendence level recognizes the human need for ethics, creativity, compassion and spirituality. Without this spiritual or transegoic sense, we are simply animals or machines. In addition, just as there are peak experiences for temporary self-actualizations; there are also peak experiences for self-transcendence. These are our spiritual creative moments. While the research of Maslows theory has undergone limited empirical scrutiny, it still remains quite popular due to its simplicity and being the start of the movement that moved us away from a totally behaviorist/reductionistic/mechanistic approach to a more humanistic one. In addition, a lot of concerns is directed at his methodology: Pick a small number of people that he declares self-actualizing; read and talk about them; and come to the conclusion about self-actualization. However, he did completely understood this, and thought of his work as simply a method of pointing the way, rather than being the final say. In addition, he hoped that others would take up the cause and complete what he had begun. Herzbergs Hygiene and Motivational Factors Herzberg developed a list of factors (Herzberg, 1966) that are based on Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, except his version is more closely related to the working environment: HERZBERGS HYGIENE MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS Hygiene or Dissatisfies: Working conditions Policies and administrative practices Salary and Benefits Supervision Status Job security Co-workers Personal life Motivators or Satisfiers: Recognition Achievement Advancement Growth Responsibility Job challenge Hygiene factors must be present in the job before motivators can be used to stimulate that person. That is, you cannot use motivators until all the hygiene factors are met. Herzbergs needs are specifically job related and reflect some of the distinct things that people want from their work as opposed to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs which reflect all the needs in a persons life. Building on this model, Herzberg coined the term job enrichment to describe the process of redesigning work in order to build in motivators. Theory X and Theory Y Douglas McGregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his Theory X and Theory Y (McGregor, 1957) , which are two opposing perceptions about how people view human behavior at work and organizational life. McGregor felt that companies followed either one or the other approach: Theory X People have an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it whenever possible. People must be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment in order to get them to achieve the organizational objectives. People prefer to be directed, do not want responsibility, and have little or no ambition. People seek security above all else. Note that with Theory X assumptions, managements role is to coerce and control employees. Theory Y Work is as natural as play and rest. People will exercise self-direction if they are committed to the objectives (they are NOT lazy). Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement. People learn to accept and seek responsibility. Creativity, ingenuity, and imagination are widely distributed among the population. People are capable of using these abilities to solve an organizational problem. People have potential. Note that with Theory Y assumptions, managements role is to develop the potential in employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals. Theory X is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. Many organizations are now taking the enlightened view of theory Y. A boss can be viewed as taking the theory X approach, while a leader takes the theory Y approach. Notice that Maslow, Herzberg, and McGreagors theories all tie together: Herzbergs theory is a micro version of Maslows theory (concentrated in the work place). McGreagors Theory X is based on workers caught in the lower levels (1 to 3) of Maslows theory, while his Theory Y is for workers who have gone above level 3. McGreagors Theory X is based on workers caught in Herbergs Hygiene Dissatisfiers, while Theory Y is based on workers who are in the Motivators or Satisfiers section. Existence/Relatedness/Growth (ERG) Clayton Alderfers Existence/Relatedness/Growth (ERG) Theory of Needs (Alderfer, 1969) postulates that there are three groups of needs: Existence This group of needs is concerned with providing the basic requirements for material existence, such as physiological and safety needs. This need is satisfied by money earned in a job so that one may buy food, shelter, clothing, etc. Relationships This group of needs center upon the desire to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships. Since a people normally spend approximately half of their waking hours on the job, this need is normally satisfied to some degree by their coworkers. Growth These needs are met by personal development. A persons job, career, or profession provides significant satisfaction of growth needs. Alderfers ERG theory states that more than one need may be influential at the same time. If the gratification of a higher-level need is frustrated, the desire to satisfy a lower-level need will increase. He identifies this phenomenon as the frustration shy aggression dimension. Its relevance on the job is that even when the upper-level needs are frustrated, the job still provides for the basic physiological needs upon which one would then be focused. If, at that point, something happens to threaten the job, the persons basic needs are significantly threatened. If there are not factors present to relieve the pressure, the person may become desperate and panicky. Notice that Alderfers ERG theory is built upon Maslows, however it does differ. First he collapsing it from five needs to three. And unlike Maslow, he did not see these needs as being a hierarchy in which one climbs up, but rather being more of a continuum. While there has not been a whole lot of research on Alderfers theory, most contemporary theories do tend to support it. Expectancy Theory Vrooms Expectancy Theory states that an individual will act in a certain way based on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual. This motivational model (Vroom, 1964) has been modified by several people, to include Porter and Lawler (Porter et. al., 1968). Vrooms Expectancy Theory is written as a formula: Valence x Expectancy x Instrumentality = Motivation Valence (Reward) = the amount of desire for a goal (What is the reward?) Expectancy (Performance) = the strength of belief that work related effort will result in the completion of the task (How hard will I have to work to reach the goal?) Instrumentality (Belief) = the belief that the reward will be received once the task is completed (Will they notice the effort I put forth?) The product of valence, expectancy, and instrumentality is motivation. It can be thought of as the strength of the drive towards a goal. For example, if an employee wants to move up through the ranks, then promotion has a high valence for that employee. If the employee believes that high performance will result in good reviews, then the employee has a high expectancy. However, if the employee believes the company will not promote from within, then the employee has low instrumentality, and the employee will not be motivated to perform better.

The Human Resource Issues Faced By Coca Cola

The Human Resource Issues Faced By Coca Cola This assignment will give you an overall idea about human resource issues because Coca-Cola brought 10,000 employees, and thus doubling its workforce. In such conditions, as stated, Coca-cola faced complexity with unnecessary employees and, resignations and sacks. Under these circumstances HR management needed to conduct staff appraisal to setup objectives to achieve companys goals. 1a) Critically appraise varied human resource management perspectives and their impacts on the development of business strategy. Three varied human management perspectives are Universalist approach, fit or contingency approach and resource-based approach. Positive impacts of the Universalist approach are: not dependent on competitive strategy of organization, based on four HR policy goals (strategic integration, commitment, flexibility and equality), clarify organisational goals, considers stakeholders influence on employees performance. The negative impacts are: the goals are often unachievable, internal consistency difficult due to contradictions, some elements lead to confusion. Positive impacts of the fit or contingency approach are: provides a simple framework showing how selection, appraisal, development and rewards can be mutually geared to produce required employee performance. Negative impacts of this approach are: does not address what to do if unable to produce required employee behavior and performance, assumes employees will behave as requested. Positive impacts of the resource-based approach are: its concerned with the relationships between internal (HR) resources, strategy and firm performance, focuses on achieving competitive advantage using human capital, focus on behavior, skills, knowledge, attitudes and competencies, involves measuring, reporting and managing human capital, organisation can loan human capital. Negative impacts are: requires coherent framework in order to decide on the measures, and refers to people as human capital. 1b) What are the current situations/difficulties regarding these issues in Coca-Cola and Dabur companies? Coca-Cola changed their pay rate in line with other Indian companies, thus meaning it was dependent on their competitive strategy. This does not follow the Universalist approach as it contradicts their decision. Coca-Cola instead adapted the resource-based approach; they focused on achieving competitive advantage by investing in developing human capital. The fact they concentrated significantly on human resource development satisfied several criteria of this approach. Dabur to some degree maintained the universalist approach as it provided clarity of goals (the three-fold recommendations), and it recognized the majority stakeholders (the Burman family) influence in creating a family-oriented working environment for its employees. Dabur met the criteria of the fit or contingency approach by aiming for consistency across workforce; recognizing it had to give rewards to junior sales officers and representatives for achieving target, they allowed certain employees to club their leaves and enjoy a vacation. 1c) How can they improve this situation? The best way for Coca-Cola and Dabur to improve their situation was to meet more criteria for any certain approach. E.g. Coca-Cola should concentrate on the resource-based approach as it has already met some of its criteria, whereas Dabur should concentrate on the fit or contingency approach as it has already met a lot of its criteria. By maintaining and meeting the criteria of any one approach both companies can hope to be in a better situation. 2a) Critically analyse the importance of alignment between an organizations corporate strategy and objectives, and its human resource strategy. Each of the five steps to the alignment of an organisations corporate strategy and objectives, and its human resource strategy, contribute and are of significant importance: 1. separation no relationship at this stage, thus unimportant. 2. fit -recognises importance of people in achieving organizational strategy. 3. dialogue recognises need for two-way communication and some debate. 4. holistic recognises people as the key to competitive advantage rather than a way of implementing organisational strategy. 5. HR Driven places HR strategy in prime position. 2b) Then by considering the case study compare real activities about alignment between an organizations corporate strategy and objectives in Coca Cola and Dabur with best practice (theoretical view) to identify what the difficulties are regarding this issue in these companies? Coca-Cola began by recognising human resources significance in the restricting process. This led to appointment of managers in the six regions, and an area general. They then recognised the importance of two communications by ensuring the Regional General Managers report to the VP, who in turn report to the CEO. Coca-Cola then took the fourth step by recognising their employees as the key to competitive advantage by bringing together employees from different work cultures and value systems. Their final step was to put the employees in prime position by taking a strategic level decision to turn itself into people-driven company. Dabur used HR strategy as an important part of its restructuring process. It started by recognising the importance of people in achieving the organisational strategy by introducing employee friendly initiatives like annual sales conferences. It then recognised two-way communication by introducing an interactive newsletter. It further recognised employees as key to competitive advantage by commissioning consultants to formulate an employee stock Option Plan. To put HR in prime position they decided to extend the scheme. 2c). How can you solve these problems? Coca-colas problems were the number of employees leaving the company. By better control of the unrest among employees, and by other means such as not downgrading the centres, would have allowed Coca-Cola to avoid this crisis. Problem was Dabur didnt use HR strategy as significantly. If HR strategy played a bigger role in the organisational strategy it would have been more beneficial to the Dabur. 3a). Judge the required processes of assessing the effectiveness of a given human resource strategy and its impact on overall corporate strategy. In assessing the effectiveness of a HR strategy we use the below issues: the HR approach by reaching the corporate strategy objectives. We evaluated the impact of human resource (HR) managers capabilities on HR management effectiveness and the latters impact on corporate strategy. Effectiveness is associated with capabilities and attributes of HR staff. We also found relationships between HR management effectiveness and productivity, cash flow, and market value. Findings were consistent across market and accounting measures of performance and with corrections for biases. 3b). What are the existing condition/difficulties regarding this issue in these companies? Coca-Cola HR carefully revised plan to achieve goals, or developing/carrying-out planned strategies. Coca-cola decreased payment and additional facilities for the employees. Virtually they compact the needless extra facilites. At the first phase Coca-Cola HR strategy could not develop leadership and management released a flow of records which led the company to loss with extra outlay. Darbur has a people-leaning work culture, therefore has no proper HR development to target. The evaluation of companionship earnings and expenses is not vigorously monitored it was a stride following its competitors. From the case study we could not find any loot system from the Dabur before restricting. According to information given Dabur is a family business so the relation between family members are okay but the relation between employees and higher management might be problematic. 3c) How can these companies improve their situation regarding this issue? The companies need to reform their organization and make sure that changes need to be accepted by people. The concern is Coca-cola need a stable leader. Because need of business chiefs will affect companys direction and profits. The rewards are incentives, oversee operation etc. Also, employee encouragement needed for better outcome. 4a) Argue the appropriate human resource strategies for organizations facing mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances and joint ventures. Mergers and acquisitions (MA) and corporate restructuring are a big part of the corporate finance world. We have little information regarding these events. To understand and study the authors mainly developed a connectional framework. HR management gives a border process of leaning model. This model represents similarities and complements of merging companies. The HR strategies are different for each company, and also depend on circumstances. The merger, acquisition, strategies and joint venture take place because of four motives. Those are enlargement and synergy. Actually human resources management will study both motives of these companies. They will decide whether they will merge or acquisition a company for faster growth synergy, if these companies rapidly increase. We can say using the change in technique. In some company merger or acquisition planning, we need to understand what we are getting into (Do I go ahead? Adjust the price? Walk away?). This is your one shot in underst anding the business before closing the deal. You also want to reduce any post-acquisition surprises (what will we need to work on after acquisition; integration issues, personnel issues, obsolete equipment requiring replacement, warranty exposures, major contracts, and customers base). An important key to remember is Its not only the numbers! 4b). After that by relying on the given information in the case study compare current situation of HR strategies in the occasions of mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances and joint ventures in Coca Cola and Dabur with best practice (theoretical views) to detect possible difficulties regarding this issue in these companies? In the case study Coca-cola used the HR management strategy. Coca-Cola merged with four bottling companies. Coca-cola used growth and synergy for these merges. This means harder HR issues because of merges, Coca-Cola brought 10000 employees, meaning doubled work force. In this condition Coca-cola faced complexity with unnecessary employees and, resignations and sacks. Under these circumstances HR management needed to decrease outlay. With too much labor they cannot be so, they discharge people so it threats an unstable situation. 4c). How these problems can be solved? As of the company outlook, if they want to reduce employees, then they can do so, but from employees view these dismissals affect their families. So companies could consider the employees experience with them. By providing compensation for dismissal there is fairness (HR management has to balance both side). 5a) Appraise different methods of employees selection. The different methods of employees selection are as follows: Interview: Positive sides of interviews are: have the chance to see how the person dress, speak, communicate, behave, whether clean or not, and learn their personalities. Negatives are: stressful for interviewees, very subjective, talking is not everything, unable to explore technical skills, and personality clashes. Assessment centres: Positives are: candidates like them and generally predict job performance accurately. Negatives are: slow process, costly method and not always reliable. Psychometric tests: Psychometric tests (test for normal or abnormal personality, ability or intelligence, interests or attitudes) are used along with assessment centres, as it gives a better evaluation than either used alone. Work simulations: Candidates are put into small scale job situations. Full Reference checks: Consider the reference letters, contact people who recommended applicants, contact applicants manager or colleagues, get information from independent assessors. CV/Biographical information: Positive side: its a very good source of information regarding the applicant. But, negative side is that it is useful only if real and true. Graphology: Involves analyzing handwriting in relation to human psychology. Positive side: helps understand applicants personality. Negative side: based fully on psychological decisions. 5b) What are the current situations/difficulties regarding these issue in these companies? Coca-cola appointed a new CEO, a VP (Operations), six Regional General Manager. They also appointed Arthur Anderson to inspect accounts in North India. Dabur appointed a new CEO and 3 vice presidents. 5c) How can they improve this situation? Coca-cola needs to ensure they hire trustworthy and uncorrupted employees in order to avoid scandals like the one they faced with the North India operations. As it is the first time Dabur is taking such a step by reorganising their structure, it would be best to hire a professional external recruitment agency as they would have better experience and knowledge regarding hiring employees then Dabur would. 6a) Critically assess strategies for employee deployment, redeployment, poor performance and retention. Employee Deployment is the number of employees required in each department, time period for which they are required and the skills required. Employee Redeployment is transferring employees from one department/position to another for effectiveness. Poor Performance is mainly due to Lack of Ability (lack of training or resources) and Low Motivation (lack of desire and commitment). Employee Retention is the policies and practices used by companies to stop valuable employees from leaving (mainly because they spend considerable time, effort and money to find, recruit and train employees). 6b) Then by considering the case study compare real activities about employee development, performance and retention in Coca Cola Dabur with best practice (theoretical views) to identify what the difficulties are regarding these issues in these companies? Coca-cola decided to employ new managers and senior officers, which required Employee Deployment, during their restructuring. They used Employee Redeployment in order to ensure the new 10,000 employees brought from merger were being used efficiently. They tried combating Poor Performance by introducing talent development meetings, training and foreign internship. But, couldnt prevent Employee Retention as 40 managers and some senior personnel left. Dabur used Employee Deployment to employ new senior officers (i.e. a CEO and three Vice Presidents) and restructure their business. Dabur tried to prevent Poor Performance by introducing newsletters for better employee communication. Dabur maintained Employee Retention as they successfully kept hold of employees. 6c) How can you solve these problems? Coca-cola can solve this problem by preventing Employee Retention by putting in place policies and practices to stop employees leaving. Dabur could be more efficient by using Employee Redeployment. 7a). Assess the relative importance of the creation of the learning organization through self-managed learning, the promotion of intellectual capital and knowledge management. Learning organization is the organizations ability to use mental capacity of its members to create the processes that will improve its own. The technical view assumes that organizational learning is about the effective processing interpretation of, and response to, information both inside and outside the organization. The points below will help understand why the learning organization is important to both companies, they are: Awareness of new and different perspectives. Personal growth and development. Ability to see complexities in making decisions. Awareness of new options and ability to create options Companies to thinking about reduce to the work force, as they have double than required. Sense of career directions. The promotion of intellectual capital and knowledge management: Intellectual capital is knowledge that can be exploited for money making or other useful purpose. The term combines the idea of the intellect or brain power with the economic concept of capital, the saving of entitled benefits so that they can be invested in producing more goods and services. Enhance productivity through improved creation, access and distribution of knowledge. Promoting changed organization to achieve more effective knowledge management. Coordinating technology and human resource development. The management of the intellectual capital in the knowledge intensive organization might also contribute positively to individual well being, as well argue. Knowledge management is the first competency that an organization needs to develop for the management of intellectual capital. Knowledge management constitutes the ability of an organization to learn, to remember what it learned, and to leverage what it learned internally and externally. Internally by transferring it to different workers and department. Externally by sharing it with suppliers distributors partners and customers. 7b). What are the existing condition/difficulties regarding this issue in these companies? There were difficulties in Coca Cola and Dabur. They are: learning organization, intellectual capital, knowledge management. Difficulties of learning organization: there is no problem with teaching workers presentation skills. Coca cola and Daburs scheme did not. Companies thought about reducing employees. Intellectual capital is more difficult to put a value on, the extent to which it has loyal customers, how it is regarded in the local community and the extent to which it has long term satisfactory relationship with key external agencies. For company recruitment of pupils from the local catchments area might seem an obvious surrogate but it is not a good measure on its own as parents often have no choice. Difficulties of knowledge management: reports about successful and failed knowledge management initiatives using various IT systems exist, it is important to analyse the reports before defining the requirement of a knowledge management. The following list shows the problems and they are; Restructuring are a big part of both company, it has to resolve. System not accepted. Lack of user uptake due to insufficient communication. Information is not classified properly in knowledge management system. Using theoretical knowledge for practical problem. Lack of time and training. The knowledge distribution system does not make sense. Knowledge management not integrated into normal work procedures. 7c). How can these companies improve their situation regarding this issue? Difficulties in Coca Cola and Dabur: negative media reports, heavy investment in India and Japan, accommodation and foreign trips for bottlers. Both companies think about reducing employees. Hence, we believe the below discussions may help to improve their situation regarding the above mentioned issues: We must be completely updated on current assignments and accomplishments of employees. If employees do not have own initiatives to work, then HR consultants need to review the situation with the employee to achieve more work progress and to reduce employees. Specify problems with productivity, quality of work, interactions with co-workers, clients or any other problematic behaviour/incidents in the office. If there are specific complaints from supervisors, clients and customers we should read them and conduct necessary investigation to obtain full details and follow proper procedure regarding how we are handled Coca Cola and Dabur evaluation. 8a) Critically evaluate the role of performance review and strategies for management development. The Appraisal Scheme aims to identify the management development needs of staff in order to improve the performance of individuals and of the organisation to achieve companys key objectives. We believe, itss responsible for the line manager to check and review each objectives every year. 6-monthly interim reviews are optional. Such as: staffs need to know how they can contribute to organisational success review past performance develop potential and help improve current performance maintain high performance set up both companies objectives to achieve companies goals assess learning and management development needs Appraisal link assessment for future development with current performance. It provides a stronger role for line management in development. It gives the individual the opportunity to discuss his or her career intentions concerns and views with somebody else. It becomes a vehicle for mentoring where the manager is supported and provided with development opportunities. Performance management is strategic in the sense it is concerned with the broader issues facing businesses if its to function effectively in its environment and with the general direction in which the business intends to go. 8b). After that by relying on the given information in the case study compare current situation of performance review and management development in Coca-cola and Dabur with best practice (theoretical views) to detect possible difficulties regarding this issue in these companies? Both companies have difficulties with media reports, heavy investment in India and Japan, accommodation and foreign trips, we also believe both companies managers hasnt conducted the staff performance review and havent given objectives to employees. They had other staff during that period and so was having financial looses. As best practice management development is best described as the process from which managers learn and improve their skills, investment in management development can have economic benefits to the organization. 8c). How these problems can be solved? Discussion below may help improve Coca Cola and Daburs problems: leadership and motivation creates and maintains an effective/motivating environment where people strive for quality of service and is supportive of all staff; fosters a commitment for achieving companies goals consultant managers will meet with employees at the end of the evaluation period to formally discuss, evaluate and develop companys new goals. reduce employees requires promotion and advertising talent managers have to setup objectives for the employees to achieve companys goals for the coming years identify and implement changes to improve performance to provide a clear understanding of how to be successful provide feedback regarding employees performance and development role-based performance metrics and look at training needs across a group Conclusion: The company outlook to reduce employees, so companies could consider employees experience, provide compensation for dismissal. Advertising and promotion required for both companies to achieve goals. Performance of employees is evaluated. We also found relationships between HR management effectiveness and productivity, cash flow, and market value. The companies need reorganization with expert employees to overcome the issues faced. REFERENCE:

Robert Louis Stevenson was born November 13, 1850 in Edinburgh, Scotlan

Robert Louis Stevenson was born November 13, 1850 in Edinburgh, Scotland Throughout his childhood, he suffered chronic health. A Study of Robert Louis Stevenson’s use of settings, characters and symbolism in ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. Robert Louis Stevenson was born November 13, 1850 in Edinburgh, Scotland throughout his childhood; he suffered chronic health problems that confined him to bed. He lived in constant fear of death and some people believe that this was where he got his grim outlook on life from. The strongest influence during his childhood was that of his nurse, Allison Cunningham, who often read aloud Pilgrim's Progress and The Old Testament, his most direct literary influences during this time. Originally he did not intend to be an author, his father wanted him to follow in his footsteps and become an architect. He lived in Edinburgh for most of his life; it was split into two, both sides played a part in molding his personality and outlook. On one hand was the New Town, respectable, upstanding, deeply religious, and polite. On the other was a much more bohemian Edinburgh, symbolised by brothels and shadiness. The juxtaposition of the two aspects in contrast to each other made a deep impression and strengthened his fascination with the duality of human nature, later providing the theme for ‘The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’. Throughout the history of the book critics have struggled to choose the genre in which the book falls. The most popular opinion is that it is a Gothic novel and lies alongside Frankenstein and Dracula. Like these books Stevenson put most of the events in the book happening during the night to give it a ‘gloomy’ feel. The part where ... ...pectives. In the beginning chapters to set the scene Stevenson narrates the story as a third person, for example he describes the ‘door which was equipped with neither bell nor knocker,’ of the house in which Hyde lives. The Carew murder case was told as third person, but also had a detailed account from the maid who saw it all out of her window to make the tale more believable. In the chapter, ‘The Last Night,’ Poole the butler gives his account of the Jekyll and Hyde story, which gives the reader an insight into different characters and their personalities. And the final points of view are from Dr Lanyon and Jekyll’s letters. I think that both these letters give the reader a chance to be a ‘detective’ and piece together he two stories and find a constant theme. It also makes it seem more believable and less bias if it is written by two different people.

Infinity :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The mathematical notion of infinity can be conceptualized in many different ways. First, as counting by hundreds for the rest of our lives, an endless quantity. It can also be thought of as digging a whole in hell for eternity, negative infinity. The concept I will explore, however, is infinitely smaller quantities, through radioactive decay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Infinity is by definition an indefinitely large quantity. It is hard to grasp the magnitude of such an idea. When we examine infinity further by setting up one-to-one correspondence’s between sets we see a few peculiarities. There are as many natural numbers as even numbers. We also see there are as many natural numbers as multiples of two. This poses the problem of designating the cardinality of the natural numbers. The standard symbol for the cardinality of the natural numbers is o. The set of even natural numbers has the same number of members as the set of natural numbers. The both have the same cardinality o. By transfinite arithmetic we can see this exemplified. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When we add one number to the set of evens, in this case 0 it appears that the bottom set is larger, but when we shift the bottom set over our initial statement is true again. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We again have achieved a one-to-one correspondence with the top row, this proves that the cardinality of both is the same being o. This correspondence leads to the conclusion that o+1=o. When we add two infinite sets together, we also get the sum of infinity; o+o=o.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This being said we can try to find larger sets of infinity. Cantor was able to show that some infinite sets do have cardinality greater than o, given 1. We must compare the irrational numbers to the real numbers to achieve this result. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.142678435 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.293758778 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.383902892 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.563856365 :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No mater which matching system we devise we will always be able to come up with another irrational number that has not been listed. We need only to choose a digit different than the first digit of our first number. Our second digit needs only to be different than the second digit of the second number, this can continue infinitely. Our new number will always differ than one already on the list by one digit.

Summary of Chapter Two of The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy Essa

Summary of Chapter Two of The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy The system of caste in India is a bond of union, but splits up the society into sections. It revolves around the society's idea of what's "clean" and "pure". It exists not only in the form of Touchability and Untouchability but also gender difference and marital status. In Kerala, the setting for The God of Small Things, the caste system is deep-rooted; it has been made rigid by time and proliferated by the colonial rule. As a result, inevitably, the caste system greatly impacts the lives of the leading characters in the novel: Estha and Rahel, Ammu and Velutha. In my essay, I am going to explore the nature of the caste system and whom it affects. The revulsion of Untouchability is so inherent in the post-colonial society that even with the coming of the British, the untouchables in general were not only unable "to escape the scourge Untouchability". As Christians, "They were made to have separate churches, with separate services, and separate priests" and it was considered "a special favour (that) they were given their own separate Pariah Bishop." Further more, "After Independence they found they were not enititled to any Government benefits like job reservations or bank loans at low interest rates, because officially, on paper, there were (only) Christians, and therefore casteless." The life of Velutha, an untouchable, is greatly impacted not only in the way the other untouchables were. Since he was young, he had to conform to acts of inferiority. He had to enter by "the back entrance of the Ayemenem House to deliver the coconuts they [ Velutha and his dad] had plucked from the trees in the compound" and was not allowed into the ho... ...een traditions and are afforded no real recognition as said in what the novel calls "Locusts Stand I" or legal standing. Baby Kochama, once again hated them for that. She called them "Half-Hindhu Hybrids whom no self-respecting Syrian Christian would ever marry." As a result, further on the novel, their lives were greatly affected by her. The caste system on the whole traumatizes and affects Roy's protagonist's life in an unhealthy way. It took away the twin's need to belong to someone and their identity and, later on the novel, their childhood. It cost Ammu her love and her freedom. It deprived Velutha of a bright future and somehow caused his death. This way, Roy is able to let the reader see the atrocities of the caste system in India and be more aware about the stereotypes the society made to "different" people. Two thumbs and two toes up for Roy!

Foxconn Case Study

Vietnam Value system chosen: â€Å"Achievement Disease In Education† 1. In any country, education plays a very important role to promote the development of all economics and society. However, with methods of education for so long which do not fit the requirements of the new era, Vietnam education is producing passive â€Å"people† who is good at theory but bad at practice. Students and even teachers nowadays are always under a great deal of pressure from the so-called â€Å"Achievement ease†.Vietnamese obsession of having any type of â€Å"achievement† creates a negative effect in education. While students are having pressure of getting good grades In order to fulfill their parents' will, teachers also have to make sure all of their students receive good marks to meet the school's decided achievement. This might sound obvious, however there are students who are good at math but not good In science, who loves study and who don't. As a result, academic disho nesty Like cheating exam Is likely to be occur frequently these days.My attempt In this paper s to contribute my voice to acknowledge and make people understand more about this fact in education in Vietnam as well as giving suggestion to eliminate this situation. 2. The definition of â€Å"Achievement Disease†: â€Å"Achievement† simply is an accomplishment in whatever goals you've set for yourself, not necessarily earning a lot of money. Achievement is doing what you want to do within the bounds of the law. It Is the pursuit of dreams. It is liberty from the chains of fear and unbelief.It Is recognition of what makes you unique and what you have to offer others. It Is the realization, the substance, and the tangibly of a dream fulfilled. Thus, we can understand that â€Å"Achievement Disease in education† is a type of disease which people try seeking to pursues achievements at any cost even with doing dishonesty or unethical behavior. Regarding the above explan ation, taking efforts to pursue achievements of an individual or a group is a good moral character. It should be commend and encourage to every people.Just imagine a country in which every member takes efforts to achieve higher performance on the fields of activities: sports, arts, education, manufacturing, trade, technology and so on for his/her on sake and for the whole community. The country Is certainly wealthy and prosperous In Its economy as well as society. However, when these efforts to achieve a good and necessary qualities of each which causes the system to be corrupted. To simplify the definition of this term, let's just think of the basic differences between â€Å"original achievements† with â€Å"Achievement Disease† is the different between genuine goods and counterfeiting goods.And the key factor that makes the difference is the existed or non-existed of onsets. 3. According to Murray (1938), he considered that need for achievements as one of the basic h uman needs. 4. Degree Appreciation is a serious issue in Vietnam Society nowadays. In fact, the psychology of degree appreciation is essential and remains harmless if it goes with a proper certification mechanism, which reflects one's capability through the degree. Japan is considered to be the most succeeded country in pursuing degree appreciation. Here, the employee assessment relies heavily on their degree which trigger a strong competition in the society.People are urging to receive alluvial degrees to ensure their premise for success. However, this is a totally different story in Vietnam. In a lot of cases, the degrees are not associated with actual capacity of the owners. In Vietnam, most people think that the best way to pursue successful in life is to obtain good university degree. This seems to be a huge burden creates by parents and the society, which forces the children to try their best to fulfill their parents. Unfortunately, many young people who do not pass this press ure fell into fear and depression feeling, even leads to suicide.It is a painful truth seeing many students duty 12 hours a day, 7 days a week for the periodical achievements which are mostly useless in the future. Currently, every Vietnamese family and person has a desire that they themselves or family members could achieve a university degree. This is actually one type of â€Å"achievement disease† which leads to the fact of redundant in teachers but shortage in workers and the more dangerous disease of â€Å"actual degree but simulated man†. In a society where people only appreciate educational degree but underestimate the real ability of individuals may leads to severe consequences on the society:In Vietnam, we could easily find information regarding the evils of degree buying, point selling, academic degree selling, etc†¦. Due to the fact that high positions always go along with better degree, in many cases a person is promoted in a higher position but he doe sn't meet the position degree criteria. As a result, he must buy a good degree to fulfill the promotion requirements or to keep the existing position. Therefore in Vietnamese language we have a phrase called: â€Å"Paper P. H. D or Paper Master† that implies people who use their money to buy fake certificates or degrees.Not until recently does the story about the fake degrees and certificates appears, it has been existed for many years since the beginning of â€Å"Doi Mom† policy. People always desire to have a position in the society. However at â€Å"old age, exhausted intelligence†, most people do not have enough time to study properly to obtain Due to the degree appreciation that has been rooted in most family, from kindergarten period till high school, parents always try to have their children study in granted schools and selected classes or extra study so that their children could be bled to pass universities entrance examinations.As a result, some of so-c alled â€Å"granted school† is always overloaded and ran out of vacancy. However, in order to send their children to those schools and arrange at the best class, parents are often willing to â€Å"bribe† teachers. However, we cannot blame the parents because they are just the victims of the degree requirements society. The situation is that those who have more degrees or higher qualifiers will be preferable than those have less. They do not test the real capability of the individuals but rather seeing if the individual acts all the degree criteria or not.One other impact of â€Å"Achievement Disease† is that young people nowadays tends to choose the major which help them obtain money and promotion after graduation or easy to study. At the same time, they turn their back on the society and humanity major, agriculture†¦ It is said that the reason why young people turn their back on the social sciences and humanities is the bad impression from the high school education. There is an implicit distinction between main and minor subjects. Math, physics, chemistry, foreign languages are always carefully taught by the teachers.Meanwhile, other subjects such as literature, history, geography seems to be taught briefly since teachers do not really care about what student acquired during the course. On the other hand, many students consider not taking priority learning social subjects since they find it harder to find Job and receive low payment. A lot of students say that the graduate from social sciences could only find Job in government companies where they have to work within the framework like a robot rather than creation.Other reason is that the massive expansion of banking and business companies rates a lot of Job opportunities with high salaries attracts many students and so that most of them choose economic majors. As a chain effect, students always choose economics to study as a secure decision and ignore their true passion and hobby. A lso, since in Vietnam society students of economics are likely to be more appreciated and respected rather than study social science or humanity. The â€Å"Achievement Disease† also appears to be happened at school.For example, in most schools, the most concerns are how to help the student study well and the ratio of graduated students. At the beginning of each year, most schools have to assign a goal setting towards the ratio of graduate student. If at the end school doesn't make its own criteria, it will hurt its reputation which might result in fewer investments from higher levels. As the solution, in a lot of schools, teachers are assigned to change the students score in order to meet the school's standard. This creates a significantly negative effect to the education sector and causes it to be more and more corrupted. , Remedies to this situation: should be a coordination and agreement between every management levels to repose a suitable solution. Examination and quality evaluation must be implemented seriously. The education sector needs to have a long term strategy for the radical solution, synchronize but not hasty and impatient. We have to stay consistency to our goal but the methods have to be very flexible and capable of changes when needed. Currently, we need to strengthen the inspection of examination, giving strictly sanctions to the individual or group of people who deliberately try to violate the rules.On the mean time government should focusing ore on providing extra education to teachers so that they can cope up with model teaching methods, increasing investment in infrastructures and facilities to schools. Once the quality of education is fundamentally improved, â€Å"Achievement Disease† will eventually be eliminated. At the same time, we have to promote, encourages motivate teachers and education managers striving to overcome the outdated, inertia of the old education systems. This will be a long process of striven for educat ion sector in particular and society as a whole.In addition, we should prevent the phenomenon of achieving† unrealistic goals, ratio which causes students as well as schools to dishonestly produce a fake result in study. Meanwhile, all upper levels agencies should not put â€Å"Achievement† pressure on an area which has low-graduate rates but rather confront other real result, analyses to find out the main causes as well as delivering proper solutions to the situation. At the same time. Reforming the student assessment methods, since the current system measures success on the basis of completion of a particular grade but fails to measure students' capacity.More appropriate assessment methods could identify a child's problems in a timely manner allowing for pragmatic adjustment. As we have already discussed, obsession of obtaining degrees and qualifications is also a main cause of â€Å"Academic Achievement Disease†. Therefore, companies should not only based on o ne's qualifications but also evaluate carefully one's real capability through giving tasks and observe the final results. In order to accomplish this, in all industry, individual capability assessment needs to be changed so that there will be no more â€Å"Paper P. HP' or â€Å"Paper Master† and so on.